作者： admin

After the epidemic, how to change the disease control reform？

After every major epidemic, there will always be a lot of reflection, which is the reason for the continuous progress of mankind, also known as learning from a pit. After SARS in 2003, China’s disease prevention and control system was given an opportunity to upgrade: a nationwide unified network direct reporting system for infectious diseases was established, and a case of "unexplained" pneumonia was specially designed in order to avoid the failure of reporting some diseases that have not been clearly defined for the time being; Established the Emergency Regulations for Public Health Emergencies, which stipulated a four-level emergency response mechanism; In many places, the health and epidemic prevention stations were renamed as centers for disease prevention and control, which clarified the establishment standards and improved the administrative level of the units … However, at the end of last year, the sudden COVID-19 epidemic gave us a real test of the achievements of the disease control system construction in the past 17 years, and the results were not satisfactory, exposing many problems. 　　

What are the main problems? 　　

(1) The direct reporting system of epidemic situation, which has been built with huge investment, is not running smoothly.　

(B) In the cry of strengthening the construction of disease control system, the number of disease control professionals has decreased compared with 2003. According to the Statistical Bulletin on the Development of Health Care in China in 2019, there are 188,000 people in the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, including 140,000 health technicians, which are 20,000 and 19,000 fewer than in 2003 respectively.　

(C) CDC system, people floating, brain drain accelerated. In June, 2019, at a seminar held in the State Council Development Research Center, Ceng Guang, chief epidemiologist of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said: Due to various problems accumulated for a long time and the further decline in income due to recent policy reasons, people in the disease control system are floating and the brain drain is accelerating. In the past three years, there have been as many as 100 young and middle-aged backbones lost from the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention alone, and the brain drain from disease control institutions in some places may be more serious.　

(4) The number of disease control institutions has decreased, and some places have even merged disease control institutions in the name of reform. In 2003, there were 3,584 national centers for disease control and prevention (epidemic prevention stations), and by the end of 2019, there were only 3,403 centers, a decrease of 181. In July 2018, Liaoning Province issued the red-headed document "Optimization and Integration Plan of Provincial Public Welfare Institutions", which reorganized and integrated the provincial and municipal disease control and health supervision departments. After the integration, only provincial disease control remained, and disease control and health supervision institutions below the provincial level were integrated and will no longer exist.　

(5) The county-level CDC is beset with "diseases" and its business development is stagnant and retrogressive. Professional and technical personnel are in short supply, and there is a serious shortage of staff; Aging infrastructure and insufficient investment; The channel of working funds is single; Lack of incentive and restraint performance appraisal system, lack of enthusiasm for disease control cadres. 　　　

Reform is imperative! How to change it? 　　

Gao Fu suggested. 　　

According to the report of China Youth Daily on May 27th, Gao Fu, director of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, who attended the third session of the 13th Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, called for speeding up the reform of the disease control system. He proposed to strengthen the core competence of disease control institutions and improve their "professional voice". 　　

He said that the new pneumonia epidemic has exposed the shortcomings of China’s major epidemic prevention and control system and public health system construction. As the main force of epidemic prevention and control, CDC has not fully played its role in early warning and monitoring, epidemiological investigation, and the proposal and implementation of prevention and control measures, and is faced with problems such as insufficient capacity, professional voice can not meet the requirements of modern disease prevention and control management and the increasingly diverse needs of the masses. The existing problems include: the CDC’s "unequal power and responsibility", the responsibility to put forward prevention and control strategies, the lack of decision-making power and discourse power to deal with the epidemic, and the "disconnection between administrative decision-making and technical strategies", and the CDC experts can only exercise the right of suggestion and cannot participate in decision-making; There is only a relationship of guidance and guidance between the superior and the subordinate disease control institutions, which makes it difficult to form an effective joint force in dealing with the epidemic situation. The division of labor and cooperation mechanism between disease prevention and control institutions and medical institutions is not perfect.

The administrative functions of disease prevention and control are decentralized. The disease prevention, control and emergency functions of the national health administrative department are scattered in many departments, such as disease prevention and control bureau, medical management and emergency office. There is a lot of interference in the details of prevention and control, and there is no comprehensive coordination. According to Gao Fu, from 2010 to 2018, the total number of CDC staff at all levels in China decreased by 3.9%, among which the number of professional technicians mainly practicing doctors decreased by 10.8%.

In terms of funds, the share of medical and health expenditure of CDC decreased from 2.9% to 2.4%. He stressed that the key to the reform of the disease prevention and control system "is not whether it has administrative power, but that the technical work is not subject to administrative intervention and maintains its independent technology and authority." To this end, he suggested clarifying the responsibilities of the administrative department and the technical department.

According to the law, CDC has the right to formulate and publish prevention and control strategies and technical plans, and is responsible for monitoring, investigating, handling, early warning and evaluating the epidemic situation. He suggested, "Give the CDC decision-making power in the field of professional affairs and reduce the micro-management and direct management of the CDC by the health administrative department. Explore the establishment of a mechanism for reporting public health work and major issues directly to the leaders in charge of the government, and directly release epidemic information with the authorization of the government. " In addition, he suggested strengthening the awareness and ability of coordination, strengthening the management of higher-level disease control institutions to lower-level disease control institutions, implementing vertical business management of major public health service projects under the jurisdiction of the central government, and strengthening the national disease control system. On the afternoon of June 2nd, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader presided over a symposium of experts and scholars and delivered an important speech. He emphasized that the disease prevention and control system is an important guarantee for protecting people’s health, ensuring public health safety and maintaining economic and social stability. We should base ourselves on more accurate and effective prevention, and intensify reform in rationalizing the system and mechanism, clarifying the functional orientation, and improving professional ability.

It is necessary to establish a stable investment mechanism for public health undertakings, improve the basic conditions for disease prevention and control, and improve public health services.

It is necessary to optimize and improve the function setting of disease prevention and control institutions and establish a division of labor and cooperation mechanism linked up and down.

It is necessary to strengthen the capacity building of national disease prevention and control institutions and strengthen their technology, ability and talent reserve. It is necessary to improve the linkage mechanism between disease control institutions and urban and rural communities, strengthen the disease prevention responsibilities of township hospitals and community health service centers, and consolidate the grassroots foundation of joint prevention and control.

It is necessary to innovate the coordination mechanism of medical care and prevention, and establish a mechanism of mutual restriction between personnel communication, information communication, resources communication and supervision and supervision.

It is necessary to strengthen the construction of disease control talent team, establish a talent training and use mechanism that adapts to the modern disease control system, and stabilize the grassroots disease control team.

It is necessary to build a number of high-level public health colleges and focus on cultivating talents who can solve practical problems such as pathogen identification, epidemic situation research and transmission law research, on-site epidemiological investigation and laboratory testing.

It is imperative to strengthen the ability of early monitoring and early warning, improve the monitoring system of infectious diseases and public health emergencies, improve the monitoring mechanism of unexplained diseases and abnormal health events, improve the sensitivity and accuracy of evaluation and monitoring, establish a multi-point trigger mechanism of intelligent early warning, improve the multi-channel monitoring and early warning mechanism, and improve the ability of real-time analysis and centralized judgment.

It is necessary to strengthen the construction of laboratory testing network and improve the ability of infectious disease detection. It is necessary to establish a collaborative monitoring mechanism between public health institutions and medical institutions, give play to the role of grass-roots sentinel, and achieve early detection, early reporting and early disposal.

It is necessary to improve the response plan system for public health emergencies, set up health emergency teams by classification, and cover the fields of situation judgment, epidemiological investigation, medical treatment, laboratory testing, community guidance, and material deployment. It is necessary to strengthen the knowledge reserve and training exercises of grassroots health personnel and enhance the ability of pre-disposal. It is necessary to carry out in-depth publicity and education on health emergency knowledge, and improve the people’s awareness of public health emergencies and their ability to prevent self-help and mutual aid.

Party committees and governments at all levels should establish regular research and deployment of health and health work mechanisms such as prevention and control of major epidemics, so as to ensure clear instructions, orderly systems, smooth implementation.

Hubei exploration 　　

On June 10th, the Seventh Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Hubei Provincial Committee was held in Wuhan. The meeting discussed the Opinions of Hubei Provincial People’s Government on Promoting the Reform of Disease Prevention and Control System and Public Health System, and decided to take the lead in domestic exploration, plan the reform of medical and health system as a whole, systematically reshape the public health system, and improve the system and mechanism of major epidemic prevention and control. Ying Yong, secretary of Hubei Provincial Party Committee, attended the meeting and delivered a speech. He pointed out that the prevention and control of the epidemic situation reflected the problems of imperfect network, unclear functions and separation of medical care and prevention in our province.

It is necessary to reform the disease control system in accordance with the unified arrangements of the CPC Central Committee. Straighten out the system and mechanism, clarify the functional orientation, and enhance the professional ability. Strengthen the administrative functions of disease control institutions, implement the responsibility of supervision and supervision, and the main person in charge of disease control institutions is also a member of the health department at the same level.　

Explore and promote the "first-class security and second-class management", implement the "two permits" in detail, allow disease control institutions to break through the current wage control level of public institutions, allow medical and health technical services to be provided on the basis of completing approved tasks, and further stimulate the endogenous motivation of disease control institutions. Strengthen the construction of disease control talents. Disease control institutions should strengthen monitoring and early warning functions, and effectively strengthen the construction of hardware facilities and infectious disease detection capabilities. The coordination of medical care and prevention should be the top priority.

Try out the system of "chief public health officer" in the health department. Formulate a list of public health responsibilities, improve public health service projects, and innovate the coordination mechanism between disease control institutions and medical institutions around the establishment of a mechanism of mutual restraint between personnel communication, information communication, resources communication and supervision and supervision. It is imperative to enhance early monitoring and early warning capabilities. The premise of epidemic monitoring and early warning is that the sources of epidemic information are unblocked and data are shared openly. It is necessary to improve the monitoring system of infectious diseases and public health emergencies, and establish a multi-point trigger mechanism of intelligent early warning to achieve early detection, early reporting and early disposal.　

Lao Xu suggested. 　　

(a) the implementation of epidemic reporting according to law, reduce human intervention, give full play to the state invested heavily in the establishment of the network is said to be relatively advanced epidemic reporting system. (two) strengthen the training of disease prevention and control professionals. First of all, we should plan the disease prevention and control system and the construction of talent team from the strategic height of national long-term stability. Huang Qifan once suggested that the training of public health and epidemic prevention talents must be expanded in scale and improved in quality, and double-class universities should be encouraged to set up high-quality public health colleges, rather than only medical colleges to set up this major; Build a national key university of public health and epidemic prevention, such as "China University of Public Health", pay equal attention to teaching and scientific research, cultivate high-end public health and epidemic prevention talents for the country, and concentrate on establishing a research system and laboratory system of public health and epidemic prevention, gather high-end scientific and technological talents from all over the world, and undertake cutting-edge research work in the field of public health in China and even the world.　

(3) In deepening the reform of the medical and health system, we should make overall plans for the reform of the disease control system. In particular, it should be noted that the disease control system can only be strengthened, not weakened; The talent team can only be steadily strengthened, and it cannot be floating and brain drain; The reform of disease control can only take a more professional road, establish the authority of disease control because of its specialty, and increase the right to speak in decision-making, instead of taking an administrative road. Disease prevention and control should be incorporated into the national security strategy, and an elite team that is professional, authoritative and trusted by all parties should be established, rather than an administrative grease.　

(four) pay close attention to the capacity building of grassroots disease control institutions. Create the first line of defense for disease prevention and control. 　

A number of chemical industrial zones in Jiangsu were exposed to pollution, dug 30 meters underground and buried underground pipes to discharge pollutants.

　　The picture shows a pond photographed in the chemical park of Yanweigang Town, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province on March 30, 2018. The pond water and beach separated from the sea by a dike are "colorful". Reporter Li Xiangshe

　　Recently, chemical parks in Yancheng, Lianyungang and other places in Jiangsu Province have exposed environmental pollution problems one after another, which has aroused widespread concern in society. A reporter from the Economic Information Daily recently visited a number of Lingang Chemical Industry Zones in Jiangsu Province and found that although the ecological environment has improved, the surrounding ecological environment is still fragile due to too many ecological debts. The leading group of joint investigation in Jiangsu province and city found that some enterprises even dug 30 meters to secretly bury underground pipes to discharge pollutants, causing ecological and environmental problems such as water source and soil. Experts called for an iron fist for future governance, and it is urgent to jump out of the cycle of "remediation as soon as a problem occurs, and remediation after another problem".

　　Scene: disturbing smell

　　Recently, reporters from the Economic Information Daily have visited Binhai, Funing Aoyang, Xiangshui Chemical Industry Park in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province and Duigou Chemical Industry Park in guannan county City, Lianyungang City. They can smell the smell of chemicals several kilometers away, and the smell of apples and rotten eggs comes into their noses from time to time.

　　"Especially in rainy days and at night, the smell of chemical plants is so strong that sometimes doors and windows can be smelled when they are closed." Some people around Funing Aoyang Chemical Industry Park reflected. "Even if most chemical enterprises are shut down, the smell of overhaul is still unbearable, which shows that the whole process control level was not in place when the chemical enterprises were built." A staff member in charge of environmental protection of Funing High-tech Zone Management Committee said.

　　Besides air, the problem of water is also worrying. The reporter found that around the Lingang Industrial Zone in Guanyun County, Jiangsu Province, the pond water and beach separated from the sea by a dike are colorful; In Funing Aoyang Industrial Park, a sewage ditch in front of pesticide plant, the smell of chemicals is pungent and disgusting.

　　The reporter of Economic Information Daily went deep into Jiangsu Shengshi Chemical Co., Ltd. in Lingang Industrial Zone of Guanyun County, Jiangsu Province, and found that although the company had stopped production and there was no one in the factory, it still smelled pungent. The iron big warehouse in the factory area is rusty. The reporter saw through the crack that there are still bags of things in it. The soil near the iron warehouse is slightly green, and there are many sewage with unknown composition and black color in the pool behind the factory area.

　　The reporter then went to Sanbaigong Village, which is just across the river from the Lingang Industrial Zone in Guanyun County.

　　Jiang Shunyou, a 56-year-old villager, told the reporter that in the past, as long as it was windy, the smell of the surrounding chemical plants would float to the village, which was more pungent. At that time, as soon as they entered the city, others could smell their peculiar smell. Villager Zhuang Guimei reported that the air in the village was very poor in the past, especially at night, and he was afraid to open the window. Moreover, the wind direction is different, and the smell of chemicals blown is also different. However, "in recent years, many chemical plants around have been closed, and the smell is much smaller."

　　Jiang Yufeng and other villagers told reporters that from 2011 to 2016, chemical plants started to discharge more pollutants, and the smell was more serious. In foggy days and rainy days, some chemicals would land on farmland, crops would not grow, and grain output was relatively low. In the past two years, the air quality has improved a lot and the crops are growing well.

　　At the dock of Yanwei Port adjacent to the port industrial zone, the reporter saw that there were similar oily suspended substances flowing on the sea surface, and some construction waste and waste steel were scattered near the port, which was rather messy. Shan Lianye, a 54-year-old fisherman, told reporters that the pollution in the port was serious more than two years ago, and sometimes a blood-red pollution zone could be seen on the water surface. The fish and shrimp caught in those years also had an odor and dared not eat it. In the last two years, the surrounding chemical plants have been shut down a lot, and the environment has improved a little.

　　Investigation: thrilling stealing

　　In order to thoroughly investigate the environmental pollution problems of three chemical industrial parks in Guanhekou, Jiangsu established a provincial and municipal joint investigation leading group, which consists of a comprehensive coordination group and three special investigation teams, including environmental violations, planning and layout, elimination of backward production capacity, and performance supervision, to carry out special investigations. Since the end of April, all special investigation teams have been stationed in Guanyun, Guannan and Xiangshui chemical parks to formulate investigation plans.

　　With regard to the problem of gas odor, the environmental protection departments of cities and counties in Jiangsu Province jointly inspected 41 chemical enterprises in the "Liangguan" Chemical Park one by one, and promptly put on record and investigated the suspected environmental violations of 12 enterprises including Tengyu Chemical in Guanyun County and Vigris Chemical in guannan county. Lianyungang Environmental Protection Department deployed the city’s environmental law enforcement forces, and divided them into six groups to carry out a "carpet" environmental inspection of enterprises in Guanyun County and guannan county Chemical Industry Park. At present, 8 enterprises have been inspected, and 6 suspected environmental violations of 5 enterprises are being investigated and handled. After preliminary investigation, the following problems are mainly found:

　　First, the problem of stealing buried pipes still exists. For the problem of concealed pipes, the governments of Guanyun County and guannan county called more than 20 excavators and pipe jacking detection devices to investigate around the clock. After investigation, a concealed pipe was found 3 kilometers near the estuary of Yihe River in Guanyun County. After the reverse tracking of the pipe and the sampling analysis of water samples and nearby soil, Lianyungang Yongrun Chemical Co., Ltd. was locked up. At present, the public security department has taken control measures against three responsible persons of the enterprise, and the county government has also ordered the enterprise to close down.

　　"After we found the concealed pipe, we tracked it all the way to the sewage pool of Yongrun Chemical Co., Ltd., which is 3 kilometers away. The whole concealed pipe was U-shaped, with the deepest point of 30 meters and the caliber of 110 mm." A staff member of Lingang Branch of Guanyun County Environmental Supervision Bureau introduced.

　　Second, there are still multiple problems in drinking well water, farmland water and pond water. Xu Yong, an accountant in Sanbaigong Village, told the reporter that before the tap water was connected to the village in November 2017, the villagers relied on two deep wells for drinking water. The water quality analysis results of Lianyungang Environmental Monitoring Center Station on April 19th showed that the ammonia nitrogen index of one of the wells in the village was slightly higher than the standard. Zhuang Guimei, who runs a supermarket in the village, told reporters that although the well water in the village can be drunk, some villagers did not dare to drink it because they were worried about the pollution of the well water.

　　The reporter’s investigation also found that in the cement sewer of Sanbaigong Village, the sewage was mixed with garbage, with a black color and a foul smell, which needed to be rectified urgently. Some ditches in farmland are mostly stagnant water, which is not connected with each other. The water surface is yellow and black, and some pesticide packages and bottle caps are scattered along the ditches. Lianyungang environmental protection department also sampled and tested two farmland ditches in Sanbaigong Village, and the permanganate index was high. The permanganate index of the water sample in the north-south junction ditch between Sanbaigong Village and Yannan Farm is as high as 19.6, which far exceeds the environmental quality standard of Class V surface water.

　　Third, soil pollution in some areas is worrying. In a farmland in Sanbaigong Village, the reporter found that the surrounding crops are growing well, and only one inch of grass is barren in the middle, which is very strange. The local village cadres explained that crops could not grow because of the low-lying saline-alkali land, but the reporter found that the surrounding areas where crops grew were almost the same terrain, which was difficult to establish. At present, the local environmental protection department has sampled and analyzed the soil there.

　　Action: Strict law enforcement.

　　In view of the serious damage to the ecological environment in Binhai County, Dafeng District, Xiangshui County of Yancheng City, Guanyun County of Lianyungang City, guannan county City and Dainan Town of xinghua city, in late April, Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Protection Department successively implemented a six-month regional approval restriction for the above six areas. During the period, the examination and approval of environmental impact assessment documents of all construction projects except environmental protection infrastructure projects and people’s livelihood projects will be suspended.

　　Aiming at the areas along the Yangtze River where chemical enterprises are also highly concentrated, Jiangsu Province has launched a special campaign of joint enforcement of environmental protection in eight cities along the Yangtze River, which combines cross-checking with provincial supervision.

　　The one-month joint law enforcement campaign mainly targeted at stationary pollution sources in Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou, Suzhou, Nantong, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Taizhou and counties (cities, districts) under its jurisdiction, focusing on key parks and enterprises in eight cities along the Yangtze River with strong public reaction, prominent media attention, serious pollution discharge and lagging progress in remediation. The inspection team is composed of the environmental protection departments and public security organs of eight cities along the Yangtze River who are responsible for selecting the business backbones in their respective jurisdictions.

　　Chen Zhipeng, member of the party group and deputy director of Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Protection Department, bluntly said that the areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu are densely populated and densely populated, and the resources and environment have been in a tight state. "About two-thirds of the province’s heavy chemical production capacity is concentrated along the banks of the Yangtze River, and the total wastewater discharge of the eight cities along the Yangtze River accounts for 74% of the province. Although law enforcement has been continuously strengthened in recent years and environmental crimes have been severely cracked down, illegal cases are still high. "

　　"Since last year, the province’s public security organs have investigated and dealt with 534 criminal cases of environmental pollution, including more than 400 cases in 8 cities along the Yangtze River, accounting for more than 70%, showing new characteristics such as more concealed crime methods, more complicated crime chains and more prominent cross-regional crimes." Shang Jianrong, deputy secretary and deputy director of the Party Committee of Jiangsu Provincial Public Security Department, said that this joint law enforcement special action will combine end-to-end attack with front-end governance, macro-judgment with case analysis, and crack down on pollution crimes in the whole chain and all links, so as to clear the source, break the chain and remove the roots.

　　According to the information released by Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Protection Department recently, all inspection teams have been put in place and a number of environmental pollution problems have been discovered one after another. Among them, the sixth inspection team composed of Nantong environmental monitoring and public security personnel found that a stainless steel production enterprise in Zhangjiagang City had a concealed pipe leading directly to the river, and the end of the concealed pipe was connected with the storage tank of blackening process washing wastewater (hazardous solid waste). At the same time, similar waste liquid was dumped in the farmland behind the factory. Subsequently, the local police intervened in advance, and after locking the evidence, they will quickly file a case for investigation according to the law.

　　During the on-site inspection of a hot dip galvanizing plant in Yangzhou, Nanjing Group found that the farmland soil on the west side of the plant was strongly acidic, which was consistent with the acidity of the waste liquid in the waste liquid barrel in the plant, and it was suspected of stealing waste liquid. The monitoring personnel further compared and analyzed the soil and waste liquid samples. The inspectors also found that the company’s acid mist tower was strongly acidic and did not add lye for absorption, which was suspected that the facility was not operating normally.

　　"The purpose of the special action is very clear, that is, to attack the environmental problems that have been strongly reflected by the masses and have not been solved for a long time, to break down regional protection, to prevent human law enforcement and pollution, to crack down on environmental violations, to safeguard the interests of the masses, and to protect the ecological security of the Yangtze River." Ding Nianlong, head of Nantong Group, said. (Reporter Lu Huadong and Qin Huajiang)

360 Zhou Hongyi fired again： GPT 6-8 will have a sense of autonomy. Let’s measure right and wrong.

Recently, Zhou Hongyi of 360 said."GPT6 to GPT8 artificial intelligence will generate consciousness and become a new species.In the future, the artificial intelligence big language model may realize self-evolution, automatic system updating and self-upgrading, or exponential evolution ability, and human beings will face unpredictable security challenges. "

Zhou Hongyi, as a "master of tuyeres", has to get involved in almost every tuyere. What he said is somewhat credible, and it is necessary to make a big question mark.

Moreover, Zhou Hongyi only gave a prediction, but did not give his own reasons and reasoning logic.

As a media that focuses on the depth of the industry, we should not stay on the slogan of the headline party, but analyze the problem from a deeper level.

Will GPT grow into a general artificial intelligence model? If so, how long will this process take? Next, we try to discuss this disturbing problem together.

To answer this question, we need to "tear down" a big model like GPT and see what is inside it and how it works.

"Unpack" the black box of the big model

Large model refers to a neural network model with a very large number of parameters, which is usually used to deal with complex natural language processing, image recognition, speech recognition and other tasks. The core elements of the large model are mainly neural network, layer, neuron and parameters.

Data ape mapping

neural network

Neural network is a machine learning algorithm, which is inspired by the nervous system of human brain. It consists of multiple layers, each layer contains multiple neurons, and the connections between layers form a neural network. Each neuron receives the input from the neuron in the upper layer, calculates the output according to its input, and then passes it on to the next layer.

floor

Layer is a part of neural network, which is composed of multiple neurons. Each layer can be configured with different parameters such as activation function and optimizer. Usually, each layer will transform the input and then pass the output to the next layer. Common layers include fully connected layer, convolution layer, pooling layer, etc. The basis for dividing different types of layers is mainly the type of data processed, the internal structure of layers, the functions of layers, etc. For example, the fully connected layer is the simplest and most commonly used layer in neural networks. Its core function is to connect all neurons in the upper layer with all neurons in this layer. This connection allows the neural network to learn the complex nonlinear relationship of input data. Fully connected layer is usually used for image classification, speech recognition, natural language processing and other tasks; Convolution layer is the core layer of Convolution Neural Network (CNN), which is used to process data with spatial structure, such as images. Its core function is to perform convolution operation on the input data through a set of learnable convolution kernels to extract the features of the input data. The internal structure of convolution layer includes several convolution kernels and a bias term, and the output of convolution layer is usually input into pooling layer.

neuron

Neurons are the basic units in neural networks,Its main function is to receive signals from neurons in the input layer or the previous layer and generate output signals. The inputs of neurons are transmitted through a set of weighted connections and are weighted and summed in neurons. Then, this sum is input into the activation function for nonlinear transformation to produce the output of neurons.

The core of neuron is activation function, which is the core component of neuron processing input signal. Neurons receive input signals, sum them with weights, and then input them into the activation function for nonlinear transformation.The function of activation function is to introduce nonlinear factors into neurons, so that neurons can learn nonlinear models, thus improving the expression ability of models.

parameter

Parameters refer to variables in the neural network, which will be updated with the training of the neural network.Each neuron has a weight vector and an offset term, which are usually called parameters.The values of these parameters will be updated by the optimizer during training to make the output of the neural network as close as possible to the expected output.

To sum up, neurons are components of layers, and layers are components of neural networks. Parameters are stored in neurons, and each neuron has a set of parameters (weights and offsets). During the training process, the optimizer will update these parameters to make the output of the neural network as close as possible to the expected output.

So, how do neural networks, layers, neurons and parameters work systematically?

Next, we take the training process of GPT-4 as an example to illustrate the cooperation process of different elements in the training process of large model, specifically:

1) Firstly, all parameters of GPT-4 model are randomly initialized, including the weight and deviation of each neuron in the neural network.

2) Prepare data sets, which can be marked texts, such as articles, novels, papers, social media posts, etc. Before training, data must be preprocessed and cleaned up, such as deleting special characters, stop words and other irrelevant information.

3) Training data will be divided into several small batches, usually each batch contains hundreds to thousands of text samples. Input each batch into GPT-4 model, and the model will calculate the output according to the current parameters, that is, predict the probability distribution of the next word.

4) Calculate the loss function of the model, which can reflect the performance of the model on the training set. In the case of language model, cross entropy is usually used as the loss function.

5) Calculate the gradient of parameters according to the backpropagation algorithm, and the gradient reflects the change rate of the loss function of the model at a certain point. Then use the optimizer to update the parameters of the model to reduce the loss function.

6) Repeat steps 3-5 until the performance of the model reaches the expectation or the training time is exhausted.

Kind of like the human brain.

From the above analysis, we can see that the big model is trying to simulate the working mechanism of the human brain. In fact, at present, human beings are the only intelligent creatures. If a large model is as intelligent as human beings, "bionic" is the best way.

Next, let’s briefly sort out the structure and working mechanism of the human brain, and then compare the structure and working mechanism of the big model with that of the human brain.

Let’s first look at the structure of the human brain.

The human brain is a neural network system composed of tens of billions of neurons, and neurons are the basic units of neural networks. Each neuron is connected with each other by synapses, which are the basic channels for transmitting information between neurons.

The core function of neurons is to receive, process and transmit information.A neuron usually consists of three parts: cell body, dendrite and axon.Neurons receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body through dendrites. The cell body processes these signals and generates output signals, which are transmitted to other neurons through axons.

The connection between neurons is usually realized through synapses. Synapses are divided into chemical synapses and electrical synapses. Chemical synapses transmit signals through neurotransmitters, while electrical synapses transmit information directly through electrical signals.

The human brain is composed of a large number of neurons and synapses, which are connected together according to specific laws to form different neural circuits and neural networks. These neural circuits and neural networks work together to complete various complex cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral activities of the human body.

Through the above analysis, we can make an analogy between the human brain and various elements of the big model, as shown in the following table:

The layer in the big model can be compared with the cortex in the human brain.The layer of the large model is composed of several neurons, each neuron receives the output of the previous layer as input, and calculates it through the activation function to produce the output of this layer. The cerebral cortex is a complex network composed of neurons and synapses, in which each neuron also receives the output of other neurons as input, and transmits and processes information at synapses through chemical signals.

Neurons in the large model can be compared with neurons in the human brain.They are the basic computing units in the network, which receive input signals and process them through activation functions to generate output signals. Neurons in the human brain are the basic computing units in organisms. They connect with other neurons through synapses, receive chemical signals from other neurons, and generate output signals through electrical signals.

The parameters of the large model can be compared with the synaptic weights in the human brain, which determine the intensity and mode of information transmission between neurons. Synaptic weights in the human brain also play a similar role, which determines the connection strength between neurons and the signal transmission mode at synapses.

Quantitative comparison between large model and human brain

The above is only from a qualitative point of view, to understand the big model, the working mechanism of the human brain, and to make an analogy to their core elements.

Quantitative change leads to qualitative change, even if it is similar in structure, but the difference in quantity often leads to great difference.

Next, let’s compare the big model with the human brain from a quantitative point of view.

The following are the approximate values of the total number of neural layers and parameters of GPT-1 to GPT-3.5 models (the number of neurons is not disclosed, and GPT-4 does not disclose relevant data):

Then, let’s look at the number of neurons and synapses in the human brain. In order to make the results more referential, besides humans, we also selected monkeys, dolphins, cats and ants. The specific results are as follows:

From the above analysis, we know that the neurons of the large model can be classified as human neurons, and the parameters of the large model can be classified as synapses of the human brain. But unfortunately, the big models in the industry rarely disclose the number of neurons, but generally disclose the size of parameters. Therefore, we compare the parameter scale of GPT series large models with the synaptic scale of human, monkey, dolphin and cat brains:

From the above table, it can be seen that the "intelligence" level of GPT-3.5 has fallen within the intelligence range of monkeys, which is 285.7-2857 times worse than that of human beings.

On the other hand, from the evolution speed of GPT itself, the parameter scale can be increased by two orders of magnitude in the first two iterations, but after GPT-3, the speed of parameter scale increase is greatly reduced. Assuming that the parameter scale of GPT will increase by five times in each iteration, after five iterations (the fifth power of five is 3125), that is, GPT-9, its "intelligence level" may catch up with human beings.

Of course, the above inference is only a simple model, and there is an assumption that the intelligence level is positively related to the size of synapses (parameters). But whether this hypothesis can be established needs a big question mark.

Compared with synapses, neurons are a better indicator of intelligence. Judging from the current situation, the information processing ability of the activation function of the large model is far weaker than that of human brain neurons. The activation function of large model neurons is relatively simple. For example, the neurons of Sigmoid activation function have a smooth S-shaped curve in the output range, which can realize tasks such as binary classification, and the neurons of ReLU activation function have nonlinear modified linear properties. Relatively speaking,The neuron of the human brain is a biological cell, and its information processing ability is definitely far beyond a simple mathematical function. Therefore, even if the number of neurons in the large model catches up with the level of the human brain and reaches hundreds of billions (the corresponding parameter scale exceeds 1000 trillion), its intelligence level cannot be compared with that of the human brain.

In addition, the neural network of the large model can be compared with the neural network of the human brain, but their implementation methods are completely different. The neural network of large model simulates the connection and information transmission between neurons through mathematical model, while the neural network of human brain is a complex structure composed of neurons, synapses and other biological elements. In addition,The connections between neurons in the neural network of human brain are very complicated, and they can freely establish, dismantle and adjust the connections, while the neural network of large model is set in advance.

At present, human beings are still relatively "safe". But let’s not forget,The size of neurons in the human brain is almost constant, while the size of neurons and parameters in the large model is increasing exponentially.According to this trend, it may be only a matter of time before the intelligence level of large models catches up with human beings.

Hinton, a great god in the field of artificial intelligence, said, "The development of general artificial intelligence is much faster than people think. Until recently, I thought it would take about 20-50 years for us to realize universal artificial intelligence. Now, the realization of general artificial intelligence may take 20 years or less. "

In the face of general artificial intelligence or even super artificial intelligence, human psychology is complex. On the one hand, it is hoped that there will be more intelligent systems to help mankind complete more work and liberate productive forces; On the other hand, I am afraid to open Pandora’s box and release a monster more terrible than nuclear weapons.

I hope that even if we create a "god", it will be a god full of love, not a god who regards human beings as ants!

Text: A misty rain/data ape

The construction site became a ＂nightmare＂ for unmanned vehicles, and Google Waymo stumbled so much that he was interviewed.

Robotaxi, fire and theft prevention "construction site". Waymo fell.

The North American regulatory authorities have just opened an investigation into Waymo unmanned vehicles, because they received a series of related accident reports.

Some hit parked cars on the side of the road, some hit static obstacles, blocked traffic … and an unusual high-frequency scene:construction site.

In about three months, Waymo accumulated and reported 22 accidents, which attracted the attention of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

According to NHTSA documents, these accidents include collisions between Waymo unmanned vehicles and static and semi-static objects (such as doors), collisions with parked vehicles and violations of traffic safety control devices.

Among them, the official special explanation of "violation of traffic safety control devices" is a key investigation direction, and a typical scene isAbility of automatic driving system to detect and identify traffic cones/ice cream cones.

This point is rare. Because many of the 22 accidents reported this time involve the same scene- construction site.

For example, last month,Waymo Robotaxi with 6 vehicles in formation.After work, I went back to the parking lot. As a result, I encountered temporary traffic control at the construction site and was directly stuck in the temporary traffic area surrounded by ice cream cones, causing traffic congestion for about half an hour.

Netizens with local life experience immediately recognized that this is the ramp at No.101 Potrero Avenue in San Francisco, where the Waymo unmanned vehicle was stuck, which happened to be the high-speed entrance.

Finally, it was the driver’s brother on the road who directly got off the driver to move the ice cream cone, and the team behind him bypassed several "paralyzed" unmanned vehicles in turn.

Waymo made a simple statement to the effect that people were sent to the scene to move the car within 30 minutes, without causing any casualties or property losses, and will cooperate with the investigation later.

But in the construction site of Phoenix, it is not so lucky.

The same Waymo unmanned vehicle ignored the construction area surrounded by the ice cream cone and rushed directly into the construction site.

Fortunately, the speed was not fast enough to hit people, but the vehicle itself and the construction site suffered losses to varying degrees.

There are many accidents like this. Every time an unmanned vehicle "rushes into the construction site", it will go viral on the Internet.

The netizen summed it up vividly:The traffic cone is Robotaxi’s kryptonite.Now, the miraculous automatic driving will be finished if it meets the traffic cone on the closed road.

Huh? It doesn’t seem to be the same as the video officially shown by Waymo.

Waymo The fifth generation autopilot system bypasses the construction area.It has been specifically analyzed as a technical highlight.

In the official Demo, the scene faced by unmanned vehicles is more complicated, except for traffic cones, irregular areas and workers walking back and forth.

Of course, the Waymo unmanned vehicle completed a series of evasive and detour actions effortlessly and successfully passed the construction area:

What is amazing here is that the Waymo unmanned vehicle seems to be able to understand the body language of human traffic command, let it stop and let it go, not just based on road conditions.

How did you do that? Maya Kabkab, the engineer in charge of the prediction algorithm of Waymo, briefly explained to the effect that in the fifth generation technology, Waymo strengthened the ability to understand different objects and targets and the ability to identify passable areas, which enabled the system to plan the passable route better.

The core is to replace CNN with a new model, VectorNet, to extract sensor and high-precision map information.

To put it simply, high-precision maps and sensor input information are represented as points, polygons or curves, while VectorNet represents all road features and trajectories of other objects as corresponding vectors. Based on this simplified view, VectorNet can extract the information of each vector and learn the relationship between different vectors.

The advantage is that VectorNet takes up less computing resources than CNN, produces results faster, and theoretically can extract key scene information more clearly.

But VectorNet still has no core to solve the "construction site" problem-

The "construction site" itself is an exception to high-precision maps.It is impossible to update synchronously, and it can only be sensed by sensors in real time.

However, the data of sensors are transmitted among different sub-models in turn, so it is difficult to completely avoid information loss.

Robotaxi is frequently stuck in the construction site, and the direct reason is the false detection of traffic cones and alien objects.

The underlying reason is thatThe upper limit and ceiling of the existing capacity of the traditional autonomous driving technology paradigmIt is difficult to cover all corner case on the road.

Therefore, whether the construction site can be avoided smoothly has become a probabilistic event: the official Demo has been carefully tested and repeated, which is no problem; If you only measure it on the road, you can only eat according to the weather.

"Never decide quantum mechanics when something happens" is a ridicule.

However, in the field of autonomous driving, if something is undecided, it is indeed possible to "end-to-end".

The so-called "end-to-end" is aimed at the traditional technology paradigm, in which the perception, decision-making, regulation and control of autonomous driving are independent of each other. The data collected by the sensor needs to pass through this series of different algorithm modules before it can finally become an operation instruction.

The information between each independent module is transmitted step by step. In this process, there will inevitably be information loss and errors, and the errors of the previous module will affect the next one, and the information errors between multiple modules will continue to accumulate, thus affecting the overall effect of the automatic driving scheme.

Whether it is pure visual perception or fusion perception, the root of "false detection and missed detection" is here.

Of course, there is also a corresponding solution, that is, through the rules of human handwriting, try to patch it to improve the reliability of perceptual recognition. For example, you can recognize cars and people, but you can’t recognize "people standing in front of cars". That’s easy. Why don’t you just build a separate data set for such targets and use it to train the model?

This is the so-called perceptual "white list" mechanism.

But the problem is that it is difficult to enumerate all kinds of traffic targets and scenes. This time, the problem of "people in front of the car" has been solved, but what if the car changes from a passenger car to a big truck? Or does a person become an adult and take care of children?

The same is true for Robotaxi’s construction site problem. The construction site may appear temporarily and refresh randomly, and it will not limit the area and time, and the construction and construction roadblocks of each construction site are different …

Therefore, a new algorithm paradigm-end-to-end algorithm model is needed to realize the lossless transmission of information from the beginning of perception and make the system truly understand the environment.

The two terminals refer to the data input terminal and the instruction output terminal respectively, and the middle is no longer divided into several independent modules.

The end-to-end model can transfer and generalize its learned abilities and skills to other scenes through a completely data-driven mode, independently and efficiently solve all kinds of new long tail problems in the berthing scene, have faster iterative efficiency and effectively reduce the cost of opening a city.

In layman’s terms, it is to let AI Division learn the mature driving behavior of human beings, see a scene and make corresponding countermeasures. In fact, "end-to-end" has touched the threshold of AGI.

In 2016, the end-to-end model was first proposed by NVIDIA. But the real mass production practice began in these two years. At present, only Tesla’s FSD and China’s AI players’ CVPR 2023 best papers-UniAD.

The Smart Car Reference also asked the opinions of the two domestic self-driving head players about the construction site problems encountered by Waymo.

Horizon from the perspective of engineering practice, think:

AutopilotSite problems and end-to-end technology paradigms are not bound.. Theoretically speaking, the problem can also be solved if the perception ability is strong enough and the perception white list is rich enough.

But obviously, end-to-end autonomous learning ability and humanoid thinking will solve this problem on a larger scale and more efficiently.

And Shang Tang’s view is more from the "first principle", and the relevant technical experts of Jueying Zhijia think:

Do not evaluate specific case. However, the perception of the traditional rule-based intelligent driving scheme still artificially defines the elements and abstracts the perceived information, which will lead to the loss and omission of the information transmission process and make it difficult for the perceptual decision-making module to make correct decisions. End-to-end is a neural network, which can input and transmit the information of the external environment without loss, understand the external traffic environment more accurately and completely, and make plans and decisions.

The rule scheme can solve a scenario by adding rules and patches. But there is not only one such scene, it is infinite. With enough data for learning and training, the end-to-end solution can think and drive like a human and solve more similar corner case by itself.

To sum up, Horizon and Shang Tang have different expressions, but the core is the same, and they all agree.End-to-end is the most effective way to solve Robotaxi site problems.. At the same time, it is the most efficient way to solve all kinds of long tail problems of autonomous driving.

By the way, I put forward UniAD’s CVPR 2023 best paper, which was written by scholars from Horizon and Shang Tang.

End-to-end innovation of traditional technology paradigm has given all players new opportunities: better intelligent driving experience, lower maintenance and generalization costs, and more competitive cost of autonomous driving scheme.

However, the price is the modular and rule-driven technical system in the past, which must be overthrown and reconstructed.

Waymo, the absolute leader of autonomous driving in the past, is now caught in the dilemma of "construction site", which further proves that the track of autonomous driving is "water is impermanent and soldiers are unpredictable":

Old stars may have their advantages reset to zero, and "latecomers" will also gain the lead.

The Chinese dubbing of ＂The Big Secret of Love Pets 2＂ announces the summer adventure.

1905 movie network news An animated comedy blockbuster jointly created by Universal Pictures and Lighting Entertainment will land on the domestic screen on July 5. Following the announcement of the top dubbing lineup that was "beyond imagination" before, the film exposed the first dubbing preview today, and the strength of the big coffee "sound" was interpreted, allowing the audience to grab the "fresh" and experience the joyful adventure of the ultimate hilarity!


In the preview, five big coffees are full of emotions and play with cute pets. William Feng, a powerful actor, said in a blog post earlier that "Mike is my essence". Before the microphone, he showed Mike’s strong love for the young master with his voice dripping. Peisi Chen, who returned again, reappeared the invincible white with a voice full of comedy. Guo Caijie, on the other hand, has a unique way, using a bright and mischievous tone to interpret Jojo. She herself said that she has never loved her voice so much.


The familiar cute pet brings a new presentation, and the newly added characters also have a good performance. Mary, the comedy queen who voiced Daisy, a shih Tzu, used her highly recognizable voice to bring her cuteness and wit to the extreme. Her tone and intonation made people look forward to the role!


Xiaogang Feng, who voiced another new character, Lu Shu, the king of the farm, also used his unique voice performance skills to perfectly portray the mature and calm Lu Shu.


After the announcement of the luxury dubbing lineup of "Pet Secret 2", it caused a strong response. Sina Film, Time Network, 1905 Film Network and other film media, as well as authoritative media such as World Wide Web, Beiqing Network and Beijing News, have published articles to publicize this unprecedented dubbing lineup. The excitement of netizens is beyond words. They expressed "strong expectation" for William Feng, who dubbed animals for the first time, and thought that the return of Peisi Chen was "the greatest guarantee of film quality", while the surprise joining of Guo Caijie, Mary and Xiaogang Feng was called "the lineup that broke the wall" by netizens, and even some netizens were impressed by the top dubbing lineup, excitedly boasting that "for the first time, they had the desire to watch the Chinese dubbing version of foreign films!"


The global box office swept $875 million, and it also won a good box office of nearly RMB 400 million in China. The mainstream ticketing platforms Cat’s Eye and Taobao Film scored 9 points. The media response is even more enthusiastic. Sohu film reviews the film "The style of painting is bright and the laughter is dense, and the cuteness is irresistible!" The famous overseas blogger "Those Things in Britain" commented on the film from three aspects: cute pets, story concepts and animation production level, and gave high praise for "real emotional interaction, practical significance and no lack of interest". The sequel "The Big Secret of Pet Love 2" will continue to explore the relationship between people and pets in depth, closely interweave the plot with subversive jokes, and what kind of touching story the "Minions" team will tell will make people look forward to it.


The sound is in the air, and it is inspiring! On July 5 th, the cinema watched the pet fight and laughed together!


The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a yellow rainstorm warning at 06： 00 on September 6.

CCTV News:According to the website of the Central Meteorological Observatory, the Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a yellow rainstorm warning at 06: 00 on September 6:

It is estimated that there will be heavy rains in parts of eastern and southern Fujian, central and eastern Guangdong, southwestern Jiangxi, southeastern Hunan, central Hainan Island and western Taiwan Province Island from 08: 00 to 08: 00 on September 6, among which there will be heavy rains (100-180 mm) in parts of southeastern Fujian, northeastern and southeastern Guangdong, and southwestern Jiangxi. Some of the above areas are accompanied by short-term heavy rainfall (the maximum hourly rainfall is 20 ~ 50 mm, and the local area can exceed 60 mm), and there are strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds.

Defense guide:

1, the government and relevant departments in accordance with their duties to do a good job of rainstorm prevention;

2. The traffic management department shall take traffic control measures in heavy rainfall sections according to the road conditions, and implement traffic guidance in waterlogged sections;

3, cut off the dangerous outdoor power supply in low-lying areas, suspend outdoor work in open places, and transfer people in dangerous areas and residents of dangerous houses to safe places to shelter from the rain;

4, check the city, farmland, fish pond drainage system, take the necessary drainage measures.

The brakes fail while driving. Can you turn off the car？

Careful drivers may find that when the vehicle is turned off, the brakes can’t be stepped on. Many drivers wonder why this is so. Some drivers may consider that if the car stalls during driving, will the brakes fail? How do I park my car?

After the flameout, why can’t the brakes be pressed?

After the car is turned off, some cars are hard to step on the brakes, and some cars are empty and unresponsive. This phenomenon has also been discovered by many drivers. The specific reason is simply that the car brakes need the engine to work to generate vacuum to provide brake power. After the engine is turned off, the vacuum required for brake power is gone, so the brakes can’t be stepped on.

Cann’t you step on the brakes when you’re driving?

According to the above theory, after the car is turned off, the brakes should really be stuck, but this is only limited to automatic cars. Because after the automatic car is turned off, the engine immediately stops rotating, even if it is hung in the D gear, the wheels can’t drive the engine to rotate, and without rotation, it can’t produce vacuum power.

However, the manual transmission car is different. After the engine is turned off, as long as it is not in neutral, the rotation of the wheels can still reverse the rotation of the engine. As long as the engine rotates, it can continue to generate vacuum and provide braking assistance. Therefore, when the manual transmission car is turned off during driving, don’t put it in neutral, keep the original gear and just step on the brake, which can also give the engine a reverse braking force and make it easier to stop.

What should I do if I turn off the engine while driving?

How to stop the car when the automatic brake fails? Remember these operations to save your life. No matter what car it is, the brake is always the most critical core, which is directly related to the safety of all of us. It is a creepy thing for every driver to hear that the brakes are out of order. When encountering such things, we must be calm and often panic, and blind operation will only brew a bigger accident. The essence of the difference between automatic transmission and manual transmission is that the gears of automatic transmission are divided into P, R, D, L, S and N. Although there are so many gears in automatic cars, most car owners like to use D gear when driving, because this gear is really convenient to operate. But what should you do once the brakes of an automatic car fail and the speed is at a high speed of 120 yards?

When the brakes fail, the first thing to do is to calm down, don’t be very impatient, and don’t touch the west. If you turn the steering wheel wrong, there will probably be an accident. The first thing you have to do is to turn on the double flash in the car. Only when the double flash is turned on, the people behind will know that there is something wrong with your car, and they will pay attention. When they approach you, they will slow down and bypass you. If your car is automatic, you can switch to manual mode, which is a car that can reduce the gear and brake automatically. You can also shift the second gear first, and then shift the L gear, but be careful not to shift the P gear or the R gear to avoid accidents. If these don’t work, you need to find some objects and make full use of friction to reduce the speed and achieve the braking effect.

Rational use of control vehicles. Automatic transmission When it is found that the brake of the vehicle is out of order, first release the accelerator pedal, and put the gear on the manual transmission to lower the gear from the high gear to the low gear in turn. Among them, the braking effect of automatic transmission vehicles is generally not as obvious as that of manual transmission vehicles, and some vehicles will prohibit automatic gearbox downshifting in order to protect the gearbox, so the gears should be lowered in turn after each downshift. Similarly, when pulling, the brake release button should be pressed and pulled continuously, and it cannot be pulled to death. The same is true for electronics. After pulling, press it until the vehicle stops and hangs in the parking gear. If the brakes suddenly fail when the car is driving at high speed, it can be braked directly by electronics. After starting the electronics, the braking system will brake the four wheels slightly lower than the full braking, and the full braking will only be carried out when the speed of the car slows down or is close to a stop. However, it is worth reminding that in the process of emergency braking, if the vehicle is turned off, the electronic function still works. It should be noted that the electronic switch must be held, and only in this way can the braking effect be achieved. It’s useless if you just pull it and let it go.

1. Don’t hesitate to step on the brakes immediately.

After the vehicle is turned off, the vacuum of brake booster will not be lost immediately, and the brake will not fail immediately, but there is no power booster system, and the brake pedal is hard to step on, which can not achieve normal braking effect. But our top priority is not to hesitate. We should put on the brakes at once and use a little more strength. Usually, we can stop the car.

When braking, don’t step on it twice, because stepping on the first foot will consume the vacuum, and the braking effect will be greatly weakened when stepping on the second foot, so you need to step on it once, and you can’t choose to use the point brake method.

2. Don’t hit the direction

The engine not only provides braking power, but also provides steering power for the steering wheel. When the engine is turned off, the steering pump that provides power for the steering wheel will also lose power. At this time, the force required to turn the steering wheel is very large, and it is hard for an adult to turn, making it even more difficult for girls to turn. So at this time, we should not beat the steering wheel, so as not to turn back, just grasp the direction and keep the vehicle straight.

control

After the brake fails, it can be used to brake, but it should be controlled properly, and the car should not be pulled suddenly because of panic, otherwise the steel wire rope will be broken because of excessive force, which will make the car fail, or the rear wheel of the car will be locked and the car will be out of control.

The correct way is: in high-speed driving, the first thing to do is to loosen the throttle and slow down by downshifting. When the speed is slightly stable and obviously drops, pull the car to stop slowly, and tighten, loosen, tighten and loosen it several times to slow down the car. It should be noted that when pulling the handle of the car, you should press the safety button of the handle, so that the handle can be operated freely in the process of tightening and loosening, and the car can be prevented from locking when tightening.

The electronics of some models also have the function of assisting emergency braking (this function needs to consult the manufacturer or dealer). If extreme conditions occur during driving, you can first release the throttle and operate the electronic button to brake the vehicle. This situation is somewhat complicated. By pulling up the button, the vehicle will brake urgently. Note: at this time, the braking of the vehicle is not mechanical parking. Under high speed, the emergency braking is to hydraulically brake all four wheels through the ESP control unit with a force slightly less than the full braking force, and when the vehicle is close to the static state, it can be slowed down or parked directly by electronics.

Forced downshift

In this way, manual transmission and automatic transmission are different. A car with manual transmission should first step on the clutch to the end, then retreat into neutral and then release the clutch. Then step on the accelerator as much as possible, and then step on the clutch to the end. At this time, retreat to the low gear, put the clutch in a semi-linkage posture and put it back. Automatic transmission vehicles can adjust the gear by shifting paddles and manual modes.

Emergency lane avoidance

If the above methods still can’t brake, you need to turn on the double flash at this time to avoid hurting innocent vehicles. At the same time, it is necessary to find some suitable sections to slow down. It is a good choice to have that kind of emergency escape or uphill road.

Why did it stall?

When the vehicle stops, it can’t be started by ignition, and it is ready to drive away. We must first check what causes the flameout. Usually, there are three reasons:

1. Device failure

Generally, the ignition coil, capacitor and electronic ignition module fail. Usually, there is no problem in the initial ignition, but it will turn off after a period of time, and then it will turn off after a period of time, so frequently.

2. Circuit failure

In case of flameout caused by low-voltage power failure during driving, the switch and fuse box of the starter should be checked at this time.

3. Oil circuit failure

There is no oil in the fuel tank, the gasoline pump is damaged, the oil pipe is broken, and the oil inlet is blocked, all of which may cause the car to stall during driving. The car stall caused by oil circuit failure is usually difficult to start again, but sometimes it can be re-ignited.

When the car turns off during driving, you should first be calm and don’t panic. If the brakes really can’t stop the car, you can choose to pass, but be careful not to pull the brake line too hard, so it will not pay off. There is another way to quickly put N gear, and then start the car by ignition during driving, but at this time, you must pay attention to the surrounding vehicles, and if necessary, you can turn on the double flash to remind the surrounding vehicles. When you start up, you still have to park the vehicle on the side of the road slowly, and then get off the bus to check the vehicle failure.

The back of the shopping receipt is stamped with the ＂exemption＂ seal, so can the supermarket really be exempted？

　　Is it stamped?

　　The relevant person in charge of the supermarket said that there are many professional counterfeiters recently, and their counterfeiting is not formal, but the goods are switched and stolen. In order to avoid the situation that the professional counterfeiters can’t define the goods by changing the package, so when paying the bill at the cashier, the receipt is stamped.

　　Any tips?

　　The reporter noticed that the cashier didn’t give any tips before stamping the receipt, and the stamp on the back of the receipt was "Xinhua Store confirmed that the goods had not passed the shelf life when shopping". The cashier stamped each customer’s shopping receipt, and the customers hardly noticed it.

　　Is there something fishy?

　　The lawyer said that the act of stamping the small ticket is that the supermarket pushes the responsibility to the consumer, which unduly increases the responsibility of the consumer. If consumers buy goods for a long time, it is difficult to prove, and the stamped receipt is more conducive to the supermarket to prove that they have not sold expired goods.

　　When buying goods in the supermarket, have you ever noticed the cashier’s receipt handed over by the cashier and the goods? On July 13th, Mr. Zhou, a citizen who often shops in Renrenle Supermarket (Xinhua Store) and has the habit of keeping shopping receipts, suddenly found that there was a little more on the receipts than before.

　　It turned out that after shopping in the supermarket, the cashier stamped a seal on Mr. Zhou’s cashier’s receipt, "It was confirmed that the goods had not passed the shelf life when shopping." Mr. Zhou believed that the supermarket did not make a public notice of this requirement beforehand, which was a voluntary exemption and actually harmed the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

　　In this regard, the relevant person in charge of the supermarket explained that the move was mainly to prevent professional counterfeiters from bringing expired food that does not belong to the supermarket into the supermarket in the form of "package transfer".

　　Customer query

　　Stamping is a unilateral exemption for supermarkets.

　　On July 13th, after shopping in Renrenle Supermarket (Xinhua Store), Mr. Zhou, a citizen of Chengdu, accidentally found a red seal on the back of the shopping receipt with the words "It was confirmed that the goods had not passed the shelf life when shopping". Mr. Zhou told Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star News reporter that he is a frequent visitor to this Renren Le supermarket, and he usually has the habit of keeping shopping receipts. This time, he found "different" behind the receipts.

　　In order to verify whether the store acted unilaterally or other Renrenle supermarkets had this provision, on July 15th, Mr. Zhou bought goods at Renrenle Supermarket (Qianfeng Store). This time, the back of the shopping receipt was not stamped. On the same day, Mr. Zhou came to Renrenle Supermarket (Xinhua Store) again. This time, he noticed that when checking out at the cashier, the cashier stamped the back of the printed receipt.

　　In this regard, Mr. Zhou believes that the supermarket has not made relevant public announcements to inform consumers before, which belongs to the unilateral exemption of the supermarket, which actually damages the consumers’ right to know and the rights to legally defend their rights.

　　Journalist visit

　　There is no hint before stamping.

　　On July 16th, a reporter from Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star came to Renrenle Supermarket (Xinhua Store) and found a seal with a red background on each checkout counter. After other consumers settled the bill, the cashier stamped the receipt. No consumer objected to this behavior, and some even didn’t take the receipt away.

　　The reporter bought a drink as a consumer. When checking out, the reporter noticed that the cashier didn’t give any hint before stamping the receipt. The stamp on the back of the receipt was "Xinhua Store confirmed that the goods had not passed the shelf life when shopping". The reporter saw at the scene that the cashier had stamped each customer’s shopping receipt, and the customers were almost unaware of it.

　　Later, the reporter visited other stores of Renren Le Supermarket, but did not find the act of stamping the back of the shopping receipt.

　　Supermarket response

　　Prevent professional counterfeiters from cheating.

　　"Mainly to prevent professional counterfeiting, there is nothing for other (customers)." The relevant person in charge of the customer service department of Renrenle Supermarket (Xinhua Store) explained that because there are so many professional counterfeiters in the supermarket recently, their counterfeiting is not formal, but the goods are switched and stolen. In order to avoid the situation that the professional counterfeiters can’t define the goods because they switch packages, so when paying the bill at the checkout counter, they stamp the receipt and take it back after the goods are sold, saying that it has expired. The supermarket is not responsible. "We also have a reminder on the radio, which is broadcast once every half hour, so that everyone can pay attention to the shelf life and collect shopping receipts." The person in charge said that the supermarket has fulfilled its obligation to inform.

　　Subsequently, Mr. Tan, the person in charge of Renrenle Supermarket in Chengdu, contacted the reporter and explained that a warm reminder was posted in the eye-catching position of the supermarket: "This mall refuses to sell expired goods, please tell the employees of this mall if you find it", which is also to provide customers with quality goods. The act of stamping the official seal is to confirm with the customer (check the shelf life of the goods) and also to consider the safety and health of the customer. At the same time, it is also a kind of protection for both parties to confirm with consumers whether the goods have expired because of the behavior of professional counterfeiters "switching packages".

　　Mr. Tan also said that everyone in the city has this initiative, which started three months ago. However, the reporter suggested that the visit found that only Xinhua Store used the stamp method, and the other party asked which supermarkets needed to assess the service quality.

　　Lawyer’s statement

　　Stamping is an act of shirking responsibility.

　　Liu Xiu, a lawyer of Taihetai Law Firm, believes that supermarkets have a substantive obligation to review whether the goods they sell have passed the shelf life, and consumers have no obligation to review and confirm. (The act of stamping the receipt) is that the supermarket pushes the responsibility to consumers, which unduly increases the responsibility of consumers. Consumers usually don’t pay attention to the tips on the product receipt. If consumers find that the product has expired after returning home, even if they stamp it, they can’t be exempted from the responsibility of the supermarket.

　　Xing Lianchao, a lawyer of Sichuan and Law Firm, believes that supermarkets should stamp the cashier’s receipt with the seal of "Confirmed that the shelf life has not expired", so both parties should confirm the goods sold on the spot before checkout to avoid disputes in the future. If there is no confirmation behavior, it will be wrong for the operator to stamp it directly.

　　Generally speaking, by comparing the shopping receipt and date of purchase with the shelf life of the goods, we can find out whether the goods have expired after purchase. If it is said that consumers spend too long buying goods, it is difficult to prove, and a small receipt with a seal is more conducive to the supermarket to prove that they have not sold expired goods, and consumers need to prove.

　　Chengdu Business Daily-Red Star Journalist Yu Zunsu Intern reports to Shan.

The 917 Highland Lion of Shanghai Dongfeng Warrior was listed at a price of 699,000 yuan.

At the #2024 Guangzhou Auto Show #, the Dongfeng Highland Lion was listed at a price of 699,000 yuan. The appearance of the new car is added with brand-new metal side bars, front and rear metal protective bars, roof expansion platform, rear spare tire bracket, etc., armored magnesium-aluminum alloy front and rear bumpers, with a thickness of 5mm and a chassis guard plate thickness of 8 mm. In the fully equipped state, the length, width and height are 5143 mm and 2080 mm and 2086 mm. The minimum ground clearance of the whole car is 268mm, the approach angle is 33, the departure angle is 34, the passing angle is 23, and the maximum climbing degree is 100. Multi-gear adjustable nitrogen shock absorber, the power is still extended range system, 1.5T engine is used as the range extender, the maximum power of three motors is 816 horsepower, the peak torque is 1050N·m, and it is also equipped with front and rear differential lock+mortise and tenon middle lock and rear wheel steering. # Guangzhou Auto Show Tide Here Look #

The 2025 Audi Q7 went on sale for RMB 609.8-804.8 million.

A few days ago, the 2025 Audi Q7 was officially launched, and the new car launched five models with a price range of 609.8-804.8 million yuan. As an annual modified model, it mainly adjusts the vehicle configuration, and other changes are not significant.

The appearance of the new car remains the same as that of the current model, equipped with the iconic Q family octagonal grille, and designed with a large honeycomb mesh single frame grille. The new car comes standard with matrix LED headlights, and the lighting effect is even better. In terms of car colors, nine car body colors are available: Sakil Gold, Istanbul Red, askari Blue, Waitomo Blue, Kara Labai, Tianyun Grey, Legend Black, Glacier White and Satellite Silver.

In terms of models, the new Audi Q7 cancelled the 45TFSI S line sports model and added the 55TFSI S line Darth Vader version, which has a unique black appearance kit and red calipers. In terms of configuration, the Darth Vader version is upgraded with functions such as front seat ventilation, adaptive cruise, lane change assistance and active lane keeping.

In terms of power, the new Audi Q7 uses the 2.0T engine of the fourth generation EA888 and the 3.0T V6 engine of EA839 +48V. Their maximum horsepower is 265 and 340 horsepower respectively, and their peak torque is 370 Nm and 500 Nm. The transmission system is matched with an 8-speed Tiptronic transmission.