It will be listed on April 15, and the official picture of Geely Binyue PRO will be released.

  A few days ago, we obtained the official picture of Geely Colorful (Parameters | Inquiry) PRO from the official. The new car can be regarded as an upgraded model of the current Colorful, which is mainly personalized for the appearance and will be launched on April 15.

  Car Channel [April 9] [Headlines Red Bar]

  Car Channel [April 9] [Headlines Red Bar]

  From the official pictures released, the Colorful PRO still continues the overall design of the current model, using Geely’s design language called "Time Racing Aesthetic Concept". In terms of details, the new car has an angular front face, but we noticed that the car is more sporty than the current model under the action of light and shadow, and may add a small number of appearance kits. In addition, the new car adopts a red and black two-tone body design, adding a certain degree of personalization to it.

  Car Channel [April 9] [Headlines Red Bar]

  Car Channel [April 9] [Headlines Red Bar]

  In terms of external configuration, the new car offers a red and black sports grille, carbon fiber trimmed skirt, Battle Man exclusive imprint logo, Tomahawk blackened wheels, red calipers, exclusive sports kit, black roof, rear spoiler, carbon fiber trimmed exterior mirrors, and a bilateral exhaust layout.

  Car Channel [April 9] [Headlines Red Bar]

  From the interior, Colorful PRO adopts a red and black color scheme, which brings a strong visual effect. In terms of the overall design, the new car still continues the current model design, including a suspended central control screen, a metal brushed central control trim, a sports woven leather seat, and an exclusive "S" sports logo.

  In terms of power, it is expected that the new car will continue to be equipped with a 1.5T three-cylinder turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 177 horsepower and a peak torque of 255 Nm, but the official emphasizes that the car is a high-power version and does not rule out re-adjustment. In the transmission system part, the new car is matched with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. (Author: Zhang Xuelian)

Chongqing Blue Electric E5 price reduction is coming! The lowest price 99,800, discounts wait for no one

Welcome to Autohome Chongqing Promotion Channel, we bring an exciting piece of good news! Currently, the most talked about models are having an unprecedented promotion in Chongqing. You can enjoy up to 40,100 yuan of car purchase discounts, making this excellent new energy model more affordable. The starting price has been reduced to 99,800 yuan, which is very tempting. Friends who want to buy a car, don’t miss this rare opportunity, click "Chatty Car Price" in the quotation form to keep abreast of the latest discounts in real time and make your car purchase journey more cost-effective. Take action now!

重庆蓝电E5降价来袭!最低售价9.98万,优惠不等人

重庆蓝电E5降价来袭!最低售价9.98万,优惠不等人

The Blue Electric E5 has a unique profile with elegant body proportions. Its body dimensions are 4760mm long, 1865mm wide and 1710mm high, with a wheelbase of 2785mm, providing ample foundation for the interior space. The front and rear wheel tracks are 1585mm and 1580mm respectively, ensuring the stability of the vehicle. The tire specification adopts the tire with the specification of 225/55 R18, which complements the dynamic wheel design and not only provides good grip, but also enhances the overall visual effect.

重庆蓝电E5降价来袭!最低售价9.98万,优惠不等人

The interior design of the Blue Electric E5 combines modern technology and comfort, showing a modern minimalist style. The 12.3-inch high definition central control screen stands in the center, providing intuitive multimedia information and navigation functions, and integrates an automatic speech recognition system to make driving more convenient. The steering wheel is made of leather, which is delicate to the touch and supports manual up and down adjustment, ensuring the convenience of the driver’s control. The USB and Type-C interfaces in the car are evenly distributed to meet the daily charging needs of passengers. The seats are made of imitation leather for high comfort. The main and passenger seats are equipped with front and rear, backrest and high and low adjustment functions, which support the second row of seat backrest adjustment. The rear seats support proportional reclining to provide greater space flexibility. The overall interior design is both practical and comfortable for the occupants.

重庆蓝电E5降价来袭!最低售价9.98万,优惠不等人

The Blue Electric E5 is equipped with a 1.5L displacement L4 engine with a maximum power of 81 kilowatts, which can provide a stable power output. The maximum torque of this engine is 135 Nm, and with the E-CVT continuously variable transmission, it ensures the smoothness and fuel economy of the vehicle in daily driving. This power configuration is suitable for urban commuting and daily use needs.

Overall, the Blue Electric E5 has won high praise from Autohome owners for its domineering exterior design and exquisite lamp craftsmanship. He said that this car not only looks eye-catching, but also brings full pride to the owner, meeting his expectations for the appearance and face of the vehicle. Therefore, for drivers who pursue both fashion and practicality, the Blue Electric E5 is undoubtedly an excellent choice worth considering.

BYD Song L positioning B-class hunting SUV officially listed.

  BYD Dynasty Network B-class Pioneer Hunting SUV— — Song l was officially listed. The new car has launched four rear-drive models and one four-wheel drive model, with an official guide price of 189,800 yuan — — 249,800 yuan

BYD Song L positioning B-class hunting SUV officially listed _fororder_image001

  In appearance, Song L truly achieved "beauty" and "material": the frameless door adopts double-layer laminated glass, and Fuyao’s top-grade steel glass technology brings better airtightness and quietness; The adaptive electric tail can rise and fall with the speed, effectively reducing the drag coefficient, which is of great significance for improving endurance and handling performance; The standard tires with narrow front and wide back make it difficult for Song-L expressway to swing its tail when changing lanes, ensuring the safety of emergency avoidance.

BYD Song L positioning B-class hunting SUV officially listed _fororder_image002

  Song L is based on E platform 3.0, with a maximum output power of 380kW, a peak torque of 670N·m and a zero acceleration of 4.3 seconds. The efficient eight-in-one electric powertrain makes the energy consumption of Song L’s 100-kilometer driving as low as 12.8kW·h, and the longest cruising range can reach 662 km, which not only drives fast, but also saves energy.

BYD Song L positioning B-class hunting SUV officially listed _fororder_image003

  At the same time, the new car is also equipped with CTB battery body integration technology to make the torsional stiffness of the car body reach 40400 N m. Coupled with iTAC intelligent torque distribution system, it helps Song L’s upper control limit to be further improved.

BYD Song L positioning B-class hunting SUV officially listed _fororder_image004

  Electronic unlock door button, double-layer silver-plated panoramic canopy and front seat ventilation and heating become standard; The leather steering wheel is equipped with heating function, the main and co-pilot seats are integrated with electric adjustment and massage function, and the intelligent interactive atmosphere lights can change colors according to different scenes, creating a unique riding experience; In addition, high-end configurations such as dual-temperature zone automatic air conditioning, co-pilot boss key, active fragrance system, 12-speaker HiFi-class customized Dana audio and 50W mobile phone wireless fast charging have also reshaped consumers’ expectations and cognition of this price segment.

BYD Song L positioning B-class hunting SUV officially listed _fororder_image005

  "Safety is the greatest luxury of electric vehicles." In addition to doing a good job in active and passive safety, Song L carved safety into the "bone" from the structure to provide a true all-round protection. Blade battery, CTB, high-strength materials and DiPilot intelligent driver assistance system are all equipped.

  Song L is equipped with three intelligent systems: DiLink Intelligent Cockpit, DiPilot Intelligent Driver Assistance System and Intelligent Entry System. With mature technology and pragmatic functions, it creates a more mature and convenient intelligent travel experience for users. (Source: BYD)

Industry depth! The article takes you to know in detail the market scale, competition pattern and development prospect of artificial intelligence industry in China in 2021.

Major listed companies in artificial intelligence industry:At present, the listed companies in the domestic artificial intelligence industry mainly include BAIDU, TCTZF, BABA and (002230).

Core data of this article:Classification of artificial intelligence, industrial chain of artificial intelligence industry, panoramic atlas of artificial intelligence industry, development course of artificial intelligence industry in China, changes in key directions of artificial intelligence industry, distribution of core technologies of industrial intelligence enterprises, scale of artificial intelligence market in China, application share of artificial intelligence market in China, application of artificial intelligence in various industries, investment and financing of artificial intelligence industry in China, distribution of investment and financing rounds of artificial intelligence industry in China, Supply and demand of talents in various technical directions of artificial intelligence, list of new professional universities of artificial intelligence, urban competitiveness of artificial industry in China, representative enterprise areas of industrial intelligence industry, regional distribution of investment and financing events in artificial intelligence industry in China, competitive factions of artificial intelligence industry in China, development trend of artificial intelligence, scale prediction of artificial intelligence industry in China, number of new generation artificial intelligence innovation and development zones in China.

1. Overview of artificial intelligence industry

— — Definition and classification of artificial intelligence

As a cutting-edge interdisciplinary subject, artificial intelligence is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, technologies and application systems for simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence. It is regarded as a branch of computer science, and its research includes language recognition, image recognition, natural language processing and expert system.

The artificial intelligence industry belongs to a strategic emerging industry. According to the Catalogue of Key Products and Services of Strategic Emerging Industries (2016) issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s artificial intelligence can be divided into three subordinate industries, namely, artificial intelligence software development, artificial intelligence consumption-related equipment manufacturing and artificial intelligence system services.

Chart 1: Artificial Intelligence Classification

2) Analysis of the industrial chain of artificial intelligence industry: The industrial chain covers a huge industry.

The industrial chain of artificial intelligence includes three layers: basic layer, technical layer and application layer. Among them, the basic layer is the foundation of the artificial intelligence industry, mainly including hardware facilities such as AI chips and infrastructure and data resources of service platforms such as cloud computing, providing data services and computing support for artificial intelligence; The technology layer is the core of the artificial intelligence industry, and the technology path is constructed based on simulating the relevant characteristics of human intelligence. Application layer is an extension of artificial intelligence industry, which integrates one or more basic application technologies of artificial intelligence and forms software and hardware products or solutions for specific application scenarios.

Chart 2: Industrial chain of artificial intelligence industryChart 3: Panoramic Atlas of Artificial Intelligence Industry

2. The development course of artificial intelligence industry in China: the industry is in the stage of rapid development.

The concept of artificial intelligence was put forward at Dartmouth Conference in 1956. Artificial intelligence has a history of more than 60 years, and has experienced three waves of development since its birth. They are 1956-1970, 1980-1990 and 2000 to the present.

In 1959, Arthur Samuel proposed machine learning, which pushed artificial intelligence into the first development climax. Since then, expert system has appeared in the late 1970s, which indicates that artificial intelligence has moved from theoretical research to practical application.

From 1980s to 1990s, artificial intelligence entered the second development climax with the support of American and Japanese projects. During this period, a series of major breakthroughs were made in mathematical models related to artificial intelligence, such as the famous multi-layer neural network and BP back propagation algorithm, and the accuracy of the algorithm model and expert system were further improved. During this period, the researchers specially designed LISP language and LISP computer, which eventually failed due to high cost and difficult maintenance. In 1997, IBM Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov, the world champion of chess, which was a landmark event.

At present, artificial intelligence is in the third development climax, benefiting from the common progress in algorithm, data and computing power. In 2006, Professor Hinton of Canada put forward the concept of deep learning, which greatly developed the artificial neural network algorithm and improved the ability of machine self-learning. Then, the breakthrough of algorithm research represented by deep learning and reinforcement learning, and the continuous optimization of algorithm model greatly improved the accuracy of artificial intelligence applications, such as speech recognition and image recognition. With the popularity of Internet and mobile internet, the global network data volume has increased dramatically, which provides a good soil for the great development of artificial intelligence. The rapid development of information technology such as big data and cloud computing, and the application of various artificial intelligence special computing chips such as GPU, NPU and FPGA have greatly improved the computing ability of machines to handle massive videos and images. With the improvement of algorithm, computing power and data ability, artificial intelligence technology has developed rapidly.

Chart 4: The Development of Artificial Intelligence in China

3. Policy background of artificial intelligence industry in China: the industry development has changed from technology to industrial integration.

Before 2017, policies related to artificial intelligence mainly focused on breakthroughs in research and development of artificial intelligence technology. Since 2017, the focus of the policy has shifted from artificial intelligence technology to deep integration of technology and industry. In particular, the "New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan" issued by the State Council in July 2017 clearly pointed out that it is necessary to "accelerate the deep application of artificial intelligence".

From the incomplete summary of the speeches of the two sessions in 2018, it can be seen that the integration of artificial intelligence and industry will be the focus in the future, including official departments such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, as well as folk representatives such as Baidu, Tencent, and Lenovo, all of which have proposed artificial intelligence+industry, artificial intelligence+medical care, etc.

In 2019, the two sessions even wrote "smart+"into the government work report, and artificial intelligence technology was given the highest level of expectation for the empowerment of society. In the critical period when the industrial economy is changing from quantity and scale expansion to quality and efficiency improvement, the concept of "intelligence+"provides the broadest landing space and return imagination for digital technologies such as artificial intelligence. Opening up the whole chain elements of traditional industrial production through intelligent means can better promote the digitalization, networking and intelligent transformation of manufacturing industry, and can also reverse the iteration and progress of technology itself.

In 2020, it will be clear that artificial intelligence is an important part of the construction of "new infrastructure", and the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" points out that it is necessary to promote the deep integration of the Internet, big data and artificial intelligence. And provinces and cities are also vigorously promoting the integration of artificial intelligence and industry, creating application scenarios and demonstration projects.

Chart 5: Summary of Important Policies in Artificial Intelligence Industry (I)Chart 6: Summary of Important Policies in Artificial Intelligence Industry (II)

4. Analysis of the development status of artificial intelligence industry in China.

— — Big data and cloud computing are the core technologies with the highest proportion.

From the distribution of core technologies of artificial intelligence enterprises, big data and cloud computing accounted for the highest proportion, reaching 41.13%; Followed by hardware, machine learning, recommendation and service, accounting for 7.64%, 6.81% and 5.64% respectively; Internet of Things, industrial robots, speech recognition and natural language processing accounted for 5.55%, 5.47% and 4.76% respectively.

Chart 7: Distribution of core technologies of artificial intelligence enterprises in China in 2020 (by number of enterprises) (unit:%)

2) China’s artificial intelligence industry shows a rapid growth trend.

In July, 2017, the State Council issued the "New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan", which raised artificial intelligence to the national strategic level. Thanks to the strong support of national policies and the drive of capital and talents, the development of China’s artificial intelligence industry is at the forefront of the world. It is preliminarily estimated that the market size of artificial intelligence industry in China will be about 185.82 billion yuan in 2020.

Chart 8: China artificial intelligence market scale from 2016 to 2020 (unit: 100 million yuan,%)

3) The downstream application of artificial intelligence in China mainly focuses on government urban governance and operation.

In 2020, the main customers of China’s artificial intelligence market will come from government urban governance and operation (public security, traffic police, justice, urban operation, government affairs, transportation management, land and resources, prisons, environmental protection, etc.), with applications accounting for 49%, followed by the Internet and financial industries, accounting for 18% and 12% respectively.

Chart 9: Application share of artificial intelligence market in China in 2020 (unit:%)

The application of artificial intelligence by enterprises and governments is gradually heating up. Artificial intelligence can be seen in every link that determines the economic benefits of enterprises: AI core helps people live safely, trade remotely and pass easily; Deep learning and knowledge map help enterprises to analyze, predict and make scientific decisions in the production process; Man-machine dialogue improves the user experience in visit registration and service response.

Artificial intelligence will give birth to new technologies, new products, new formats and new models, realize the overall leap of social productivity and push the society into the era of intelligent economy. According to a forward-looking estimate, at present, most large enterprises in China have been planning and investing in artificial intelligence projects continuously, and more than 10% of all enterprises have combined artificial intelligence with their main business to improve their industrial status or optimize their operating efficiency.

Chart 10: Application of Artificial Intelligence in Various Industries

4) Capital is more inclined to the early investment of artificial intelligence enterprises

From 2014 to 2020, there were 4,796 investment and financing events in the artificial intelligence industry in China, with a total financing amount of 768.539 billion yuan. In 2014-2018, the financing events and financing scale showed a continuous growth trend. In 2018, the financing amount reached 148.246 billion yuan, and there were 965 financing events.

From 2019 to 2020, the market of China’s artificial intelligence industry is much calmer than before, and the financing events have declined but the financing scale has increased. In 2020, there were 723 investment and financing incidents in China’s artificial intelligence industry with a total amount of 146.837 billion yuan. From January to July, 2021, there were 506 financing events, and the financing amount reached 183.992 billion yuan, which has exceeded the total amount in 2020.

Chart 11: Investment and financing of artificial intelligence industry in China from 2014 to 2021 (unit: 100 million yuan)

Note: The data of 2021 is as of July 27th.

Judging from the distribution of financing rounds in China’s artificial intelligence industry, because the financing amount and valuation of start-up enterprises are relatively reasonable and the bubble is small, the capital is more inclined to the early investment of artificial intelligence enterprises. From 2014 to 2019, the angel round and A round in the artificial intelligence industry accounted for the highest proportion.

With the gradual maturity of the artificial intelligence market segment, the proportion of early investment gradually decreased, and the investment rounds of artificial intelligence gradually moved back. In 2020, the proportion of Round A will be 42.20%, Round B will rise to 20.22%, and the proportion of Angel Wheel will drop to 9.23%.

Chart 12: Distribution of investment and financing rounds of artificial intelligence industry in China from 2017 to 2021 (by number of events) (unit:%)

Note: The data of 2021 is as of July 27th.

5) There is a shortage of talents in artificial intelligence technology in China, and colleges and universities offer related majors.

According to the relevant data released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the ratio of supply and demand of talents in different technical directions of artificial intelligence is lower than 0.4, indicating that the supply of talents in this technical direction is seriously insufficient. From the perspective of sub-industries, the supply-demand ratio of post talents for intelligent voice and computer vision is 0.08 and 0.09 respectively, and relevant talents are extremely scarce.

Chart 13: the ratio of supply and demand of talents in various technical directions of artificial intelligence

Note: the ratio of supply and demand of post talents = the number of talents who intend to enter the post/the number of posts.

Compared with foreign countries, the cultivation of artificial intelligence in colleges and universities in China started late, but in recent years, the disciplines and majors of artificial intelligence in China have been accelerated, and a multi-level artificial intelligence talent training system has gradually formed. In April 2018, the Action Plan for Artificial Intelligence Innovation in Colleges and Universities issued by the Ministry of Education proposed that 50 artificial intelligence colleges, research institutes or interdisciplinary research centers should be established by 2020.

In 2019, the Ministry of Education issued the "Notice of the Ministry of Education on Announcing the Record and Approval Results of Undergraduate Majors in Ordinary Colleges and Universities in 2018". A total of 35 colleges and universities across the country were awarded the first batch of qualifications for building "artificial intelligence" undergraduate majors.

Chart 14: The list of the first batch of universities in China to build "Artificial Intelligence" (080717T) undergraduate new majors.

5. Analysis of the competitive pattern of artificial intelligence industry in China.

— — Regional competition pattern: Beijing’s artificial intelligence competitiveness is far ahead.

Since 1990, the urban pattern of the development of artificial intelligence industry in China has changed several times. At present, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and other cities are performing stably. These cities regard electronic information industry as one of the pillar industries and rank high in the development of Internet industry. These cities all strengthen the advantages of scientific research and talents, accelerate the supplement and improvement of artificial intelligence itself and industry-oriented industrial chain, build demonstration intelligent application scenarios, forward-looking layout of artificial intelligence-related standard systems, promote the sharing of public resources, improve urban environment and livability, and support systematic and advanced R&D layout, which will become the planning direction for cities to grasp the great historical opportunity of artificial intelligence development.

Among them, Beijing is far ahead of other cities in the ranking of competitiveness evaluation index of artificial industry cities in China with 80.3. The second-ranked Shanghai index is 30.5, followed by Shenzhen and Hangzhou with 28.6 and 22.4 respectively.

Chart 15: The ranking of China city competitiveness evaluation index of artificial intelligence technology industry in 2020 is Top4.

Judging from the territorial distribution of representative enterprises in the artificial intelligence industry, Beijing and Shenzhen are the concentrated places of representative enterprises in artificial intelligence. At the same time, Beijing is also the region with the largest number of investment and financing events in the artificial intelligence industry in 2020. In 2020, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong gathered 74.29% of the national AI investment and financing events, of which Beijing accounted for 32.53%, Shanghai for 21.76% and Guangdong for 20%. Zhejiang and Jiangsu followed closely, accounting for 7.91% and 7.25% respectively.

In terms of urban strongholds, four domestic first-tier cities, namely, Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai and Hangzhou, have become the focal points for the development of China’s artificial intelligence industry, promoting the rise of artificial intelligence technology in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Development Zone, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, and covering the whole country.

Chart 16: Regional distribution of investment and financing events in artificial intelligence industry in China in 2020 (unit:%)

2) Enterprise competition pattern: There are many participants, mainly divided into three factions.

Judging from the competition of enterprises, China’s artificial intelligence enterprises can be mainly divided into three factions, namely, head platform representative enterprises, integrated industry active enterprises and technical level representative enterprises.

The representative enterprises of artificial intelligence platform mainly include Baidu, Alibaba Cloud, Tencent, Huawei, JD.COM and Huawei; Xiaomi, Ping An Technology, Suning and Didi are more active enterprises in the integration industry; Representatives of technical enterprises include Shangtang Technology, Defiance Technology, Yuncong Technology and Yitu Technology as unicorn companies.

Chart 17: Competition factions of artificial intelligence industry in China in 2021

Judging from the core technology layout of artificial intelligence enterprises, Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba Cloud, Huawei and other head platform enterprises have laid out a number of AI technologies; However, converged companies such as Ping An Technology, JD.COM, Xiaomi, etc., their technical layout is mainly aimed at the application layer, with strong pertinence.

Judging from the number of patents granted, as of October 2020, Baidu, Huawei and Tencent ranked the top three in the country respectively, indicating that these three companies have strong technology research and development capabilities.

Chart 18: Layout and competitiveness evaluation of representative enterprises of artificial intelligence in China

6. Development prospect and trend forecast of artificial intelligence industry in China.

— — The "Tenth Five-Year Plan" construction continued to advance, with high quality, modernization and intelligent development.

In recent years, artificial intelligence has had a significant and far-reaching impact on economic development, social progress and international political and economic structure. The 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development in People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Outline of Long-term Goals in 2035 have made arrangements for the development goals, core technological breakthroughs, intelligent transformation and application, and safeguard measures of artificial intelligence in China during the 14th Five-Year Plan and the next decade.

Chart 19: Development Trend of Artificial Intelligence in the Tenth Five-Year Plan

2) The scale of artificial intelligence core industry in China has reached 400 billion, and 20 experimental areas have been laid out.

According to the "New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan", by 2025, China’s basic theory of artificial intelligence has achieved a major breakthrough, and some technologies and applications have reached the world’s leading level. Artificial intelligence has become the main driving force for China’s industrial upgrading and economic transformation, and the construction of intelligent society has made positive progress. The scale of artificial intelligence core industries will exceed 400 billion yuan, driving the scale of related industries to exceed 5 trillion yuan; By 2030, China’s artificial intelligence theory, technology and application will reach the world’s leading level.

Chart 20: Forecast of the scale of artificial intelligence industry in China during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (unit: trillion yuan)

In addition, in order to speed up the implementation of the "Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Development Plan of the New Generation Artificial Intelligence", the Ministry of Science and Technology issued the "Guidelines for the Construction of the National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Development Experimental Zone" in August 2019, aiming at promoting the construction of the National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Development Experimental Zone in an orderly manner. By the end of March 2021, 14 cities and 1 county in China had been approved to build the experimental area; By 2023, the number of experimental areas is expected to reach about 20.

Chart 21: Number of New Generation Artificial Intelligence Innovation Development Zones in China from 2021 to 2023 (unit: one)

Please refer to Foresight Industry Research Institute for the above data and analysis. At the same time, Foresight Industry Research Institute also provides solutions such as industrial big data, industrial research, industrial chain consultation, industrial map, industrial planning, park planning, industrial investment attraction, IPO fundraising feasibility study, IPO business and technology writing, and IPO working paper consultation.

Xiaomi car, not enough "millet"

ChatRoads

Look with your heart and talk seriously-

On December 28th, Xiaomi Automobile Technology Conference was held in the National Convention Center, which officially revealed the progress and breakthrough of five core technologies of Xiaomi Automobile, and ushered in the first appearance of Xiaomi SU7, the first product of the platform. The design, performance, battery life, safety and other details of SU7 were made public for the first time. Next, let’s briefly understand the core technology of the big show at the meeting and the details of Xiaomi SU7, and finally we will analyze and summarize it.

01

Release of five core technologies

At this conference, Lei Jun mainly introduced the five core technologies of Xiaomi Automobile: electric drive, battery, large die casting, intelligent cockpit and intelligent driving.

01

Xiaomi "super motor"

The speed of V6 and V6s which have been mass-produced is 21,000 rpm. Among them, the V6 super motor has a maximum power of 220kW and a peak torque of 400N·m, and is built with a 400V architecture. The V6s super motor has a maximum power of 275kW and a peak torque of 500N·m, and is built with 800V architecture. As for the V8s, which has not been mass-produced, the speed is as high as 27,200 rpm, which is the first in the industry from the data point of view, but it will not be available until 2025.

02

CTB integrated battery technology

The integrated efficiency of CTB integrated battery of Xiaomi Automobile reached 77.8%, which increased by 24.4% and released the height of 17 mm.. At the same time, the full-stack self-developed battery management system equipped with ASIL-D’s highest functional safety level can collect data in real time, encrypt the cloud through the private network for analysis and early warning, and realize active power failure within 4ms when necessary.

03

9100t Super Die Casting

The mold force reaches 9100t, and Xiaomi’s self-developed visual large model quality judgment system can complete the inspection within 2 seconds, with 10 times higher efficiency than manual work and 5 times higher precision than elite. With the application of this technology, 72 parts of the back floor of Xiaomi automobile are integrated, 840 solder joints are reduced, the overall weight is reduced by 17%, and the production hours are greatly reduced by 45%. In terms of material research and development, Xiaomi has developed a high strength, high toughness and heat-free environmental protection die-casting material "Titan alloy".

04

Full-stack self-developed intelligent driving technology

The industry’s first three key technologies, namely, adaptive zoom BEV technology, large road model and super-resolution occupation network technology, can be combined with the large air-to-end perception decision model, and can accurately park in the 0.05m mechanical garage. Lei Jun said that it is estimated that more than 100 cities can start urban assisted driving by the end of 2024.

05

"People-centered" Intelligent Cockpit

1.49S starts at top speed, the cockpit system is upgraded for 3 minutes, and the whole vehicle is upgraded for 30 minutes. It has a strong ecology, deeply adapts to mainstream applications, and more than 5,000 applications get on the bus. Moreover, the mobile phone X car is interconnected and connected across terminals, and the mobile phone application PIN is put on the car anytime and anywhere, and the car machine is native in seconds. In addition, the huge hardware ecology, the mijia equipment, and no feeling of getting on the bus. Car IOT hardware ecology is fully open to the public and freely develops various applications.

02

Xiaomi SU7 has bright parameters.

With the blessing of five core technologies, the core competitiveness of SU7 has the following points:

01

The maximum power is 495kW, the acceleration time is 2.78 seconds per 100 km, the braking distance is 33.3m per 100 km, and the maximum speed can reach 265 km/h, which exceeds Taycan Turbo and Model S.

02

CLTC has a mileage of 800 kilometers, and supports 800V super fast charging, supporting 200 kilometers battery life in 5 minutes and 510 kilometers battery life in 15 minutes.

.

03

The car is equipped with five screens, including a 16.1-inch central control screen, a 56-inch HUD, a 7.1-inch instrument panel and two millet tablets in the rear seat. The car machine uses the latest 8295 car and chips and the 澎湃 OS interactive system, which can make the car machine of Xiaomi SU7 highly integrated with Xiaomi mobile devices and even intelligent furniture, and the accounts can be interoperable, so applications can be directly used on the car.

04

Full-stack self-developed intelligent technology and self-developed sensing technology, self-developed adaptive zoom BEV technology, large road model and super-resolution network technology are adopted to achieve a comprehensive leap in visibility accuracy, sensing accuracy and control accuracy.

05

The length, width and height of Xiaomi SU7 are 4997/1963/1440mm and the wheelbase is 3000mm. The drag coefficient of Xiaomi SU7 is only 0.195Cd, which is the lowest in the world.

06

The super-large die casting technology adopted has 90.1% high-strength steel and aluminum alloy, the highest strength of 2000MPa and the torsional stiffness of 51000 N m/deg.

03

Can we achieve "leapfrogging"?

At the meeting, Lei Jun said that he put high demands on the R&D team, and the design goal was to start from 100 "first, only and most", with the goal of building dream cars in a new era of automobile industry, becoming the top five automobile manufacturers in the world in the next 15 to 20 years, and working hard for the overall rise of China automobile industry.

First of all, we can be sure that the technologies released at the Xiaomi conference are not bad, and the Xiaomi SU7 has no obvious shortcomings at present. The explosion potential in terms of flow, product strength and design has been demonstrated, but after careful study, Xiaomi Automobile has no more prominent highlights. Some of the technologies it shows are "far ahead" or "pioneering". In fact, some friends have mass-produced them to real cars and launched them on the market.

For example, Xiaomi Automobile will adopt CTB technology in its battery system. As early as last June, BYD took the lead in releasing CTB technology in the industry and installed it on its BYD Seal model. Although the volume utilization rate of CTB battery released by Xiaomi is higher than that of BYD, the volume utilization rate of 77.8% is not the highest. Previously, the volume utilization rate of the "BRIC battery" released by Extreme Krypton Automobile has reached 83.7%.

Another example is Xiaomi’s 9100t super-large die-casting, with a press of 9100t, but Tucki has already used a press of 12000t, and the largest die-casting machine equipment factory in China is developing a press of 20000t. Therefore, 9100 tons is not leading, only the mainstream.

At the same time, at present, the main product details of Xiaomi SU7 are almost fully disclosed, leaving only the last "card"-price, which is also the most controversial place. At the meeting, after comparing various models, Lei Jun said: "Let’s stop calling 99,000 and 149,000. This is impossible, but we should respect technology." In other words, Xiaomi SU7 is likely to fall in the price range of 200,000-300,000.

But can the price range of 200,000-300,000 coincide with Xiaomi’s existing user base? You know, at the beginning of Xiaomi’s announcement to build a car, most of the voices on the Internet hoped that Xiaomi would knock down the price of the car. This time, the pricing may exceed the budget of most people. More importantly, the price range of 200,000-300,000 is actually the most competitive range of new energy vehicles in China. For consumers who can accept this price range, it is still unknown whether SU7 can meet their demand points, and Xiaomi Automobile currently lacks brand recognition and trust, which can actually give consumers little confidence.

For a long time, Xiaomi has given people the impression that it has amazing hard power and amazing cost performance. But this time, Xiaomi obviously didn’t want to continue to take the civilian route, and changed to a mid-to high-end route. The price exceeded expectations, and the road would naturally be more difficult. In addition to the price, the Xiaomi car that everyone expects unanimously is a model that can come up with some subversive new technologies. However, the actual situation of Xiaomi SU7 seems to be almost interesting, and it seems that people have not been able to see the unique side of Xiaomi.

However, in any case, it is worthy of tribute that Xiaomi Automobile has taken a brave first step seriously. Xiaomi, who has crossed the border to the automobile field, has a lot of core technologies. Starting from the lowest technology, it has spent ten times to build a good car. At the same time, Xiaomi Automobile has natural traffic and user attention, which not only helps to promote healthy competition in the industry, but also is likely to become a key role in leading the next development trend. Finally, let’s look forward to next year, and Xiaomi Auto will bring us more surprises!

There are many kinds of films to choose from in the summer movie market in August.

  CCTV News:In August, in addition to the rich events of the Rio Olympic Games, the film market was equally exciting, with more than 40 new films released this month. Many kinds of films, such as Tomb Raider Notes, Love O2O, Bourne ultimatum 5, and Elf Throne, have been released one after another, providing a variety of viewing options for the audience.

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  Popular IP movies have a constant topic.

  This month, three IP movies based on popular novels were released, namely "A Tree in Summer Looking at Paradise", "Notes on Grave Robbery" and "Love O2O" released on the 12th. These films have huge fans, also known as fan movies. Among them, "Tomb Notes" was spit out by a lot of original powder after it was released because the film was too different from the original.

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  Ren Zhonglun, the producer of the film "Tomb Notes": The original image of "Tomb Notes" IP is that it has great influence. The most fortunate thing is that the screenwriter has found Nanpai’s uncle, because if you change someone, you may vomit even more. Because it was adapted by Nanpai’s uncle (the original author), he can inherit some essence of the original novel, and he made a brand-new interpretation based on his understanding of the subject ten years later.

  At present, the cumulative box office of Tomb Raider Notes exceeds 900 million, and it is temporarily ranked as the box office champion in the summer of 2016. However, since the film Love O2O was released, it has suffered serious malicious piracy.

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  Zhao Tianyu, director of the film Love O2O.Our movie started at 0: 00 on August 12th, and now we also know that there are actually many young netizens in the cinema. They shoot with their own mobile phones and small machines, and they start to spread on the Internet after shooting. By 10: 00 in the morning, it has formed a crazy rapid spread speed on the Internet. There are even some WeChat WeChat official account who comment on movies. In their articles, they tell readers that we have published pirated links, and you can watch them here.

  After investigation and evidence collection, the film has officially reported the case to the public security organ and sent a lawyer’s letter to the pirate disseminator.

  Action movies gather tough guys from all walks of life

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  In addition to IP movies with constant topics, action movies with tough guy confrontation as a selling point were also released in August. On the 11th, Nick Cheung, Louis Koo and Wu Zhenyu took the lead in the "The Apostles". Liu Qingyun, Louis Koo, Eddie Peng Yuyan and Jason Wu, the big tough guys, fought a decisive battle in Wei Cheng every other day. On the 23rd, the Hollywood action blockbuster Bourne ultimatum 5 followed. Matt Damon, the leading actor of last year’s hit movie "Mars Rescue", returned to "Bourne ultimatum 5" after appearing in the first three films of the series released from 2002 to 2007.

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  Matt Damon starred in the movie Bourne ultimatum 5.Compared with the age of 29, it is much more difficult to make an action movie at the age of 45. But I still want to run as fast as possible, which is a challenge for me, but it’s great to be able to cooperate with my old friends again.

  Animated films are aimed at younger audiences.

  This month, many animated films were released before the start of school. Nine Chinese and foreign cartoons, such as Hollywood film Ice Age 5, domestic animation The Elf Throne, New Big-headed Son and Little-headed Dad 2, and Passionate Rescue of Hot-blooded Lei Fengxia, were released one after another.

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  In addition, the documentary "We were Born in China", the literary films "Luck is Me", "mountain cry" and the Russian disaster film "Ghost in the Fire" were also released in August.

China beauty cosmetics won’t give in easily.

Title map | vision china

Three years after the epidemic, it seems that the economy and consumption have been slowly drawn out. How many people will wear full makeup when they go out now?

According to the latest data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, the total retail sales of cosmetics in March 2022 was 34.5 billion yuan, down 6.3% year-on-year, which was the first decline in two years. Waves come between the ripples, and the signs of industry change can be seen from these data.

In it, China’s beauty brand has also sung all the way to a difficult step, and after a sharp rise and fall, it has come to a difficult turning zone:The whole industry has entered a period of deep ploughing, and it is urgent to find a new growth engine after the traffic dividend disappears.

But for enterprises, the transformation under the headwind of the industry has always been a life-and-death test.

Even Yixian E-commerce, which achieved the listing myth in four years by virtue of the perfect diary of "Light of Domestic Products", has become a shackle now. If it cannot establish a higher barrier for its own products and brands, its road to rise will reach its peak.

So,The key question now is, where will the tide of the beauty industry flow? Can the perfect diaries follow the trend and be reborn, and then get the favor of capital?

The direction of the tide

Tides also have cycles. If you want to understand the challenges of domestic beauty products more deeply, maybe you can look back a little.

Around 2000, a batch of "Made in China" appeared in China’s daily chemical industry, which seems to be a big brand today: "Vitality 28", "Little Nurse" and "Ding Jiayi" … Now these forgotten names have also sprung up, even if they compete with international big brands, they have never fallen behind.

But in the end, most of them failed, and the reasons are very complicated. First, under the epidemic, beauty cosmetics, as a non-mandatory consumption, are weaker as a whole; Second, consumers are more picky and the traffic is getting more and more expensive; Third, the industry supervision policy has become stricter; Fourth, the business strategy failed to be adjusted in time, and the living space was squeezed by the acquisition of Xuecang.

But even if the market is cold, China’s beauty industry still has huge imagination:

In 2021, the Food and Drug Administration officially announced that China had become the second largest cosmetics consumption market in the world, which took only 20 years. With the increase of per capita disposable income and the improvement of consumption concept, the beauty market has not yet reached the ceiling. From the subdivision of the track, skin care products are more needed and the ceiling is higher.

If we benchmark overseas markets, the per capita consumption of cosmetics in China will be less than 50 US dollars in 2019, and the markets in Europe, America, Japan and South Korea will be 5-7 times that of ours, which shows that the demand has not been fully released. But from the perspective of competition pattern,International brands still dominate the high-end beauty market in China, while domestic products are dormant in the mass market. In the era of the rise of the national tide, there is hope to run out of domestic beauty brands that can compete with international giants in the future.

There is room for development,How do domestic beauty brands find and install the next round of growth engines?

Judging from the growth path of global beauty brands that have been deposited for a hundred years, product strength and brand strength are undoubtedly the two core competencies that can lead by far. This clearly shows that beauty brands must have strong R&D strength in order to provide products with more powerful and targeted functions.

For a time,The strategic layout of brand power and crossing cycle has become the focus of beauty industry.New domestic products have also tried the water.

For example, Yixian e-commerce has launched a triple transformation. But many years ago, "Made in China" failed to cross the threshold. Can today’s new domestic products solve it?

Fight change with change.

Let’s focus on Yixian e-commerce, a beauty brand that has reached the level of ten-year revenue of some domestic brands in three years. It develops products by integrating the world’s top supply chain, gains the recognition of users with the quality of comparable brands, and superimposes the accurate grasp of traffic dividends, so that its repurchase rate, conversion rate and positive word-of-mouth continue to rise, thus grabbing market share faster.

However, with the gradual fading of the channel dividend and the impact of the epidemic, the overall growth of the beauty industry slowed down, and Yixian e-commerce also experienced an "unwell" reaction-in 2021, it achieved an operating income of 5.84 billion yuan, an increase of 11.6% year-on-year, and the growth rate slowed down. But in fact,Yixian e-commerce is also one of the few beauty companies in the industry to achieve positive growth in performance.

When the environment is different, the market competition intensifies and the traffic platform matures gradually, and now there are fewer and fewer "traffic depressions". Compared with competing for traffic, the key element of future competition is hard power in all aspects. Therefore, beauty companies began to enter the stage of refined operation 2.0, from "impulse" to "quality improvement".

Yixian e-commerce has also opened a new model of "hematopoiesis", and the first step is the transformation of "reducing blood fat and increasing muscle".This has also brought it higher operational efficiency and improved profitability:

In 2021, the operating expenses of Yixian e-commerce totaled 5.523 billion yuan, down 8.67% year-on-year; Sales gross profit margin increased by 2.5 percentage points year-on-year to 66.8%; Net loss narrowed by 42.5% year-on-year.

butThe key is still in the second step: creating a new growth curve.

Internet gives new domestic products the opportunity to become "online celebrity", but it also reduces the possibility of them becoming "Changhong" brands. Yixian e-commerce is lucky, and Perfect Diary is its first brand to enter the mature stage; However, referring to the development history of those international beauty giants, we must establish our own multi-brand matrix to maintain lasting vitality.

The first direction of attack is definitely the new growth point of China’s beauty industry-mid-to-high-end beauty market. According to the data of Huajing Industrial Research Institute, the proportion of mid-to high-end beauty market in 2020 and 2021 was 24.8% and 26.3% respectively, and the growth rate was significantly higher than that of mass beauty market. It can be seen that the trend of consumption upgrading is also applicable to the beauty industry.

Yixian E-commerce has also laid out two high-end skin care brands, EVE LOM and French Kelanli, and achieved initial results: during the double 11 in 2021, EVE LOM sold for two hours, which exceeded the total sales of double 11 in 2020; Kelanli broke the international record of Tmall and became one of the fastest growing high-end skin care brands in 2021.

Thanks to this, Yixian e-commerce skin care sector achieved rapid growth. In 2021, the income of skin care brands grew rapidly, and GMV reached nearly 1 billion yuan, up 332% year-on-year, accounting for 14.6% of the total revenue, which has become the second growth curve.

In addition,Beauty and skin care have also set off a "component party" craze. This young people are keen to explore whether the product ingredients are scientific and pursue a healthier and more effective way to become beautiful.Yixian e-commerce also launched a targeted brand: DR.WU Darfu, who positioned the brand of "Doctor Specialized Research". As long as you have a little understanding of "brush acid" and "Early C and Late A", almost no one knows its ace single product almond acid essence; Everyone’s yearning for eggshell muscle also helped it become the first acid product of Tmall double 11.

Yixian E-commerce also independently hatched the skin care brand Wanzi Xinxuan and launched the independent beauty brand Pink Bear, thus building a matrix with eight brands, including Perfect Diary, Little Odin, Wanzi Xinxuan, Galénic French Colanli, DR.WU (Chinese mainland business), EVE LOM, Pikoan and Yi ‘an State, and initially forming a coverage of all categories and full price bands.

If the brand matrix is still an iceberg on the water, then talents, R&D and infrastructure are huge bases under the water.

Judging from the 2021 annual report of Yixian E-commerce, it is actively investing in these "three major assets".

In terms of research and development, Yixian e-commerce invested 142 million yuan in real money in 2021, up 113.6% year-on-year, and the R&D expense ratio reached 2.43%; Its R&D investment level has been in the first echelon of domestic beauty listed companies. Up to now, Yixian e-commerce has 118 patents worldwide, and the number of patents has increased by 71% year-on-year, including 39 invention patents (some of which are in the process of transfer).

Yixian e-commerce also actively uses external forces to integrate global resources through Open Lab open R&D system.Its cooperation not only includes well-known research institutions at home and abroad, such as the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Nano-drug Engineering Technology Research Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and the 3D Skin Research Institute of the University of Lyon, France; It also includes related upstream and downstream, such as Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Kosmeishi, Yingteli, etc., in order to jointly solve the problem of beauty research.

It can be seen that Yixian e-commerce turned"technical beauty cosmetics"With great determination, it also has enough liquidity and flexibility to achieve strategic goals (by the end of 2021, its book capital totaled 3.14 billion yuan); It’s just that this return may be nonlinear, but can today’s capital market be patient?

Enter a new value cycle

Yixian e-commerce used to be the "darling of capital", whether it was multiple rounds of financing in the process of growth, or ultra-fast completion of listing, or the market value soared from 100 million US dollars to 16 billion US dollars in February 2021.

However, after that, influenced by the double factors of the inner ring, the performance of Yixian e-commerce capital market is hardly optimistic, and its share price has seriously deviated from its intrinsic value.

External factors include the end of the channel dividend period, the constant pressure on the share price of the beauty sector caused by repeated epidemics, and the constant turmoil of the China Stock Exchange policy and the valuation killing caused by geopolitical conflicts. Internal factors mainly mean that Yixian e-commerce is in a strategic transition period, and now it focuses more on reducing costs and increasing efficiency and realizing profitability. These measures will also make sales fluctuate within a certain period of time.

For this reason, Yixian E-commerce received a delisting warning from new york Stock Exchange. Although this is a normal regulatory risk warning of NYSE, it does not mean that the enterprise is in the delisting stage, and Yixian E-commerce can completely raise its share price by means of repurchase and "share reduction" in the next six months to avoid delisting risk, but in the end, it depends on the effectiveness of its transformation to regain the favor of the capital market.

However, there is no precedent for the reversal of difficulties in China Stock Exchange.

Weilai, one of the top three domestic new electric forces, once fell to the red line of delisting in 2019, but by the end of the year, Weilai’s sales had grown against the trend and won the sales champion of new car-making forces for two consecutive months.The core is inseparable from the user’s belief in its product strength.

Inconvenient charging and long charging time are another obstacle to the use of electric vehicles after the anxiety of continuing navigation and battery safety problems. However, Weilai’s power exchange mode has solved the pain points in the market and brought confidence to electric vehicle users.

Many car owners have great expectations for the popularity of Weilai 100-degree battery and power exchange station. In their eyes, Weilai can solve the problem of users’ energy replenishment, at least at high speed, without considering the problem of running without electricity.

It is because of product strength that word-of-mouth comes out of the circle that Weilai’s sales can return to the growth track (Q4 still delivered more than 8,000 vehicles in 2019).

Visible,Product strength and brand strength are the basis for these new domestic products to enhance their fundamental performance and ultimately faithful wife.

This is also what Yixian e-commerce is practicing.

From the perspective of pure capital market, for beauty companies, the driving force of valuation switching usually comes from the continuous growth of existing brands, the marginal contribution of new brands, and the β -type development opportunities brought about by the tightening of supervision, accelerating the clearing of small and medium-sized enterprises, channel change and the rise of national tide.

What can be expected is that research institutions generally predict that the growth rate of cosmetics industry will show a trend of low before and high after this year, and the industry beta market is expected to be realized in the second half of the year; In the long run, the cosmetics industry is still a good track for "long slopes and thick snow". In the end, the new local beauty forces with strong brand matrix and group development potential will have greater investment value.

It is easy to break the circle, but difficult to grow red. Only by doing difficult and valuable things can perfect diaries truly usher in the next golden five years.

Speed does not lose high-speed rail! How does badminton, the king of ball speed, fly?

Speaking of badminton, I think everyone is familiar with it. Even if you are not a badminton fan, you will often see players in various sports venues or squares, and you will be right.Lindane, Li Zongwei.When famous players hear about it.


However, even fans who often play ball may not have noticed it.Details of badminton flight.

Why is badminton designed like this? Does it always fly with its heavy ball head facing forward? How far can badminton fly? Does it spin when it flies?Presumably these questions have aroused everyone’s curiosity, so let’s walk into the text together ~

Part 1: Flip of Badminton

Anyone who has played badminton will notice a phenomenon, that is, when the ball flies towards you, it is almost always.Ball head in frontThe gesture. Put yourself in the other’s shoes, and your opponent will certainly see the same phenomenon. Then there is only one possibility, that isAfter each side hits the ball, badminton will turn over.Then turn around and fly back. The question is, is the U-turn completed at the moment of hitting the ball? Maybe we take it for granted.

Fig. 1 (a) a snapshot with an initial velocity of about 18.6 m/s and an initial angular velocity of about 206 rad/s (with an interval of 5 ms); (b) Snapshots with an initial velocity of about 10.4 m/s and an initial angular velocity of about 28 rad/s (interval of 6.5ms). | The picture is from the literature [1]

Unfortunately, the answer is not like this. As shown in the above picture, the moment of hitting the ball is basically atAbout 1msIt’s done, but it’s usuallyAbout 20msThe ball can be turned over. And then go through itDamping oscillationIn order to make its ball head point in the direction of speed. In order to show this process more intuitively, we draw the relationship between the ball head pointing and the speed direction in Figure 2.Angle φEvolution over time. amongτ, τ and τThey respectively represent the time from the first turning to the ball head facing forward, the damping oscillation time and the characteristic time to reach stability.

Fig. 2 Evolution of included angle in two cases. | The picture is from the literature [1]

It can be seen that after 0.1-0.15s, badminton seems to have a forward posture, so except for some special hitting situations, weIt is difficult to capture with the naked eye.The process of rapid turnover adjustment of badminton after hitting the ball. So … Does this flip behavior of badminton have anything to do with its own structure?

Fig. 3 Force analysis of badminton when traveling | The picture is from the literature [1]

The answer is yes. Badminton byCork ball head and skirt structure made of goose feather/duck feather or plastic.Composition, in which the ball head is heavier and the skirt structure has a larger cross-sectional area. We might as well abstract this feature as identified by B and C in the figure.Large mass and large cross-sectional areaSkirt area andSmall mass and small cross-sectional areaThe ball head area of.

When flying, assuming that the direction of the ball head is not consistent with the direction of the speed, and there is an included angle φ, the air resistance acting on B and C will generate a moment with the center of mass G as the reference point respectively. On the one hand, the skirt structure has a large cross-sectional area and air resistance.FBigger, on the other hand, BG is longer than GC, so the ball will inevitablyRotate counterclockwise around the center of mass until the ball head points in the direction of speed..

Figure 4 Badminton shape schematic. | The picture is from the literature [1]

If the above weight distribution is easy to think of, then aboutWhy did badminton choose an opening angle close to 45?Perhaps few people have thought about it. In fact, this is closely related to whether badminton can experience flipping and achieve stability faster. Some scholars have recreated the shape and mass distribution characteristics of badminton with small iron balls and skirt structures made of plastic, and released it freely in the way of skirt structure facing down in water, so that it can turn over during sinking, as shown in the following figure.How does its opening angle affect the turnover and stabilization time?.

Fig. 5 How the opening angle affects the turnover and stabilization time. | The picture is from the literature [1]

Visible, opening angle is too small and too big is not conducive to the stability of the flip, and fromThe range of 30 to 90.Will experience a stable and fast platform area. Obviously, the opening angle of badminton falls in this area.

Part 2: the flight path of badminton

Different from tennis, badminton’s flight trajectory is greatly influenced by air resistance because of its light weight.Seriously deviate from the shape of parabola. Generally speaking, the equation of motion followed by badminton flight can be written.

Among them, and are the mass, density and cross-sectional area of badminton, respectively, and the speed,UandgIs the vector of velocity and acceleration of gravity, and is a constant related to the test conditions. It is not difficult to understand that in addition to the gravity term that makes it do oblique throwing, the ball will also receiveResistance whose magnitude is proportional to the square of velocity and whose direction is opposite to velocity.. And the specific trajectory is made up ofSize and direction of initial velocityDecide. For badminton, we can define a quantity related to its flight characteristics, which is called pneumatic length.

For the badminton we use, this distance is about 4.6m, which determines that the final stable speed of the badminton is U=6.7m/s when it falls freely and vertically. In the picture below, we can see the flight trajectory of badminton at different initial speeds.Comparison between calculated value (solid line) and actual value (scattered point)It can be seen that the motion equation can predict its trajectory well.

Fig. 6 Comparison between the calculated value and the actual value of badminton trajectory with different initial speeds. | The picture is from the literature [1]

So how far can badminton fly? We might as well look at the changing trend of the distance X traveled by badminton when it falls to the same height as the starting height after approximately throwing. According to the above equation of motion, we can find that this distance depends on the initial speed of badminton. willFlight distancexOn the relationship between initial velocity elevation angle θ and velocity magnitude uDrawing, you can get the following results.

Fig. 7 Variation of travel distance (m) with initial speed direction (elevation angle) and speed.

As long as you have played badminton, this picture must contain some information points that you can empathize with. For example, we find that no matter how hard we use, it seems that badminton always flies."come to an abrupt end" near a certain distance. The upper speed limit in this picture has been reached.140m/sHowever, the farthest distance that can be reached is only 13.83m. And the badminton court we use13.4m longThat’s why badminton can only hit the opponent’s backcourt from one side even if it tries its best, and it won’t play much even if it is out of bounds.

Fig. 8 Schematic diagram of badminton court

Some readers may ask, is it too exaggerated to set the upper speed limit to 140m/s? Can badminton fly so fast? In fact, it is not an exaggeration. In July 2013, Chen Wenhong, a Malaysian men’s doubles player, killed the ball under the ideal conditions in the laboratory.493km/hThe amazing speed is equivalent to136.9m/s. There are also reports that Danish player Codin has played.506km/hKill the ball record, namely140.6m/s. Even in the game, Codin played.426km/hSuper fast kill ball. thereforeBadminton is the deserved king of ball speed!

Fig. 9 The ultra-fast kill of Keding 426 km/h.

In fact, the flight trajectory of badminton is also related toType of ballRelated. We usually have two kinds of balls made of feathers and plastic. The following figure shows the difference of their flight paths.

Fig. 10 Trajectory comparison between feather ball and plastic ball. | The picture is from the literature [1]

On the one hand, with the same initial angle and speed,The reachable range of plastic ball making is larger than that of feather ball making.; On the other hand, feathering is near the highest point of flight.Greater curvature, trajectoryCloser to the "triangle".

Figure 11 Plastic balls


This is because under the condition of ensuring firmness and low cost,Plastic ball making tends to be biased.. This also means that feathering can be done without going out of bounds.Fly at a faster speed, thus reducing the opponent’s reaction time. Therefore, feather ball making is often more popular.

Part 3: the rotation of badminton

You may have noticed that badminton feathers areArranged obliquely in the same clockwise directionYes. Is this an irrelevant design? Actually, it is not. We can think of each feather as a thin plate, which will be subjected to when traveling in the fluid.The direction is perpendicular to the plane and opposite to the speed direction.The force, as shown in the figure below.

Fig. 12 Stress diagram of feather | The picture is from reference [1]


We immediately think that the resultant force of these forcesWill make the whole badminton rotate around the axis!When badminton travels at a faster speed, the greater the resistance, the greater the torque generated by the resultant force, which makes badmintonFaster rotation. If we multiply the angular velocity ω by the axial radius r of the feather to get the linear velocity at the feather, we will find that it is almost the same as the traveling speed.Linear relationship.

Fig. 13 Relationship between badminton rotational linear speed and traveling speed | The picture is from the literature [1]

Moreover, compared with plastic balls,The rotation speed of feather ball is obviously faster in flight.. The analysis shows that faster rotation will limit the precession of feather pelletizing, whichConducive to the stability of feathering in flight..

It seems that the flight details of badminton are really a university question. In this process, we can not only learn a lot.Physical knowledge, but also help to understand the ball.Flight path. After watching the push, the little friends quickly pick up the racket and see if the skills are improving ~

References:

[1] Cohen C, Texier B D, Quéré D, et al. The physics of badminton[J]. New Journal of Physics, 2015, 17(6): 063001.

[2] Badminton (Ball)-Wikipedia

[3] Kwan M W. It’sa Birdie… It’sa Shuttlecock… It’s Badminton: The Physics Behind the Badminton Shuttlecock[J].

[4] The world record of killing balls has reached a new high!


Editor: clouds open and leaves fall