标签： 2022上海后花园论坛

A new fruit was born! Scientists in China have crossed two fruits to produce new offspring … What’s that smell？

Longan × litchi =?

According to the micro-signal of South China Agricultural University on August 25th, the team of Professor Liu Cheng Ming from South China Agricultural University bred the world’s first new interspecific hybrid variety of longan and litchi-"Crispy Honey".

"This is the first new hybrid variety of longan and litchi in the world, which is of groundbreaking significance."

According to Liu Chengming, head of the breeding team and professor of Horticulture College of South China Agricultural University, "Crispy Honey" was developed in 15 years, and Shijie Longan and Ziniangxi Litchi were selected as hybrid objects.

Image source: South China Agricultural University micro-signal screenshot

"’Crispy Honey’ was originally called’ Shizi Crispy Honey’. It is a new variety bred by interspecific cross breeding with Shijie longan as female parent and Ziniangxi litchi as male parent." Liu Chengming introduced.

This variety has some advantages of Shek Kip Longan and Ziniangxi Litchi. Its flesh is tender and crisp, completely residue-free, and its sugar content is as high as 20-24%. "Crispy and honey well summarize its characteristics." Liu Cheng said.

Is crisp honey litchi or longan?

According to the release from Conghua, Guangzhou, recently, the reporter saw the true face of "Crispy Honey" at the on-site observation and tasting meeting of the late-maturing high-quality inter-species hybrid variety "Crispy Honey (SZ52)" held at the planting base of "Crispy Honey" in Shuixi Village, Aotou Town.

So, is this hybrid litchi or longan?

Liu Chengming, the head of the breeding team and a professor at the School of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, explained that in fact, "Crispy Honey" is still a longan variety, but its flesh is tender, which is similar to that of litchi. In addition, the cracked skin of "Crispy Honey" is obvious and has a knot in one’s heart shape, which is also a unique feature of litchi.

Liu Chengming said that in the 1990s, there was a hot field in fruit tree breeding, that is, the technology of inducing protoplasts of different species, genera and even families to fuse by artificial methods, and then culturing them in vitro to regenerate hybrid plants.

Image source: South China Agricultural University micro-signal screenshot

At that time, many scientific research teams were doing related work, and Liu Chengming also planned to explore litchi and longan, but the results never came out. So he decided to change his mind and do sexual hybridization between the two genera. Through constant experiments, he tried hard to find the technical means to obtain hybrid seeds. With a success rate of only a few thousandths, it finally succeeded.

Its fruit is nearly round, the peel is yellow-green, and the fruit is large, with an average single fruit weight of 11.5 g. However, its flesh is thick and waxy yellow, with an edible rate of 70.8% and a sugar content as high as 20-24%. It tastes tender and crisp, has no residue at all, and has a sweet and juicy flavor and aroma.

What are the advantages of crisp honey?

According to experts, "Crispy Honey" can make the longan producing area move northward, expand the producing area and lengthen the production period because of its late maturity and cold resistance, and Guangdong longan can also be eaten in the Mid-Autumn Festival in the future.

"It has been 15 years since artificial sexual hybridization in 2007, and this process is really not easy." Liu Cheng said that the "crisp honey" cultivated now has many advantages.

First of all, the maturity of "Crispy Honey" is 15~20 days later than that of Shijie Longan, which can stagger the centralized listing time.

Image source: South China Agricultural University micro-signal screenshot

Secondly, the "crisp honey" branches have strong growth ability and the trees are strong. Shuixi Orchard began to graft "Crispy Honey" in March 2020 and began to bear fruit in 2021, which is related to the growth characteristics of "Crispy Honey". According to reports, a compound leaf of "Crispy Honey" has 7 pairs of leaflets (5 pairs of longan in Shek Kip and only 3 pairs of litchi), which are very large, with a large total leaf area and high efficiency of light energy utilization. Therefore, the pregnant spikes and fruit spikes are also large, which is easy to achieve the goal of high and stable yield.

Another important feature of "crisp honey" is that it is more resistant to low temperature and strong cold resistance. In January, 2021, Chaozhou experienced a low temperature of-3 ~-4℃. In the same area, the branches of Shijie longan were severely frozen, and the leaves were dry, yellow and curly, and the degree of freezing damage reached Grade 4, but the leaves of "Crispy Honey" were only slightly damaged, and the degree of freezing damage was only Grade 1. Therefore, in Liu Jiaoshou’s view, Conghua, located in the north of Guangzhou, has a good prospect in popularizing this variety.

In March, 2020, the first trial "crab" was made in Shuixi Village, Aotou Town, Conghua, and the "brittle honey" was grafted, and the fruit was borne in August, 2021.

At present, the base has just entered the mature stage, and the picking period can last until mid-September, which obviously prolongs the fresh fruit supply period of longan. This year is the second year of fruiting, and the output is expected to be 4000~5000 kg, mainly for customized sales. At present, all the "crisp honey" of the base has been booked out. At present, "Crispy Honey" has performed well in Chaozhou, Zhanjiang, Conghua, Qingyuan Lianzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan and Yongchuan, Chongqing. A few days ago, it just passed the on-site identification of new varieties in Guangdong Province.

Original title: "A new fruit is born! Scientists in China have crossed two fruits to produce new offspring … What’s that smell? 》

The sun will return to the scene in a limited time, but the rain and snow will be online soon.

Hubei Daily News (Reporter Wang Jinghua) On the 24th, there was still rain and snow in the south and east of our province, with light snow or ice particles in Enshi, southern Yichang, Jingzhou, Tianmen, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Xiaogan Hanchuan, Wuhan, Ezhou, Huanggang, Huangshi and Xianning, and freezing rain in eastern Jingzhou, Huanggang, Huangshi and Xianning. By 07: 00 on the 25th, the temperature was -6 to 0℃ in most areas. According to the latest meteorological data, the sunshine will only return within a limited time, and the warm and humid air will continue to go north tenaciously, while the cold air will supplement the south. The tug-of-war between cold and warm air is still going on, and the rain and snow weather is not over yet.

During the day from 25th to 26th, there was rain and snow in the province, and there was a process of precipitation and cold air from the evening of 26th, mainly rain. During the day on the 25th, most of the sunshine in our province returned briefly, and it will turn to sleet or light snow at night, with moderate to heavy snow in the western mountainous areas. During the day on 26th, there was light rain in southeastern Hubei, light snow or sleet in eastern Jianghan Plain and northeastern Hubei, and the whole province turned cloudy at night. On the 27th, it was cloudy to cloudy in northwest Hubei, with light rain in other areas, including sleet or light snow in southwest Hubei.

Meteorologists reminded that there is still weak rain and snow in our province recently. Although the temperature has improved slightly, it is still at a low level, which is prone to freezing and thawing. It is necessary to pay attention to preventing road icing and falling ice and snow at high altitude.

It’s time to build ＂China Green Valley＂! Investigation on the Development of Plant Beauty Cosmetic Industry in Yunnan (Ⅰ)

In the "Double Eleven" in 2023, Winona, a subsidiary of Yunnan Bettini, was promoted to Top5, a category of Tmall beauty products, and was ranked as the best brand in history, becoming the only China brand in the top ten of the list for seven consecutive years from 2017 to 2023.

A few days ago, at the 2022 and 2023 Science and Technology Awards and Academic Works Awards Conference of China Ethnic Medicine Association held in Beijing, Dr. Security, the general manager of the R&D Department of Yunnan Baiyao Group, led the compilation and publication of the skin care efficacy of natural plant raw materials, and won the second prize of academic works. At the same time, after polishing for more than two years, a new skin care product-Pill-medicine-separated building soothing essence, which marks a major breakthrough in basic research, will be available in the near future.

Yunnan Baiyao, Betaine, Xicao Resources, Kunming Yuanfang, Panlong Yunhai, in recent years, with the rise of local plant beauty brands, the development of Yunnan beauty industry has entered the fast lane.

The Economic Work Conference of the Provincial Party Committee held in December, 2023 pointed out that Yunnan’s beauty industry has developed rapidly, with an output value close to 15 billion yuan. If a group of leading enterprises are gathered, it is fully qualified to create a "China Green Beauty Valley" with plateau plant characteristics.

Good resource endowment and strong scientific research strength give Yunnan a unique advantage in beauty cosmetics.

The unique green thorn fruit in the cold Liangshan area such as Diqing can repair the damaged skin barrier. Truffle is a high-end ingredient in anti-aging and whitening skin care products, and rose extract can effectively resist oxidation.

With the change of "functional satisfaction and ingredient concern", beauty cosmetics made of plants are favored by consumers and become a new trend in the development of beauty industry.

On March 25th, 2021, Yunnan Betani Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd. was listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange, with an opening market value exceeding 70 billion yuan, becoming the "first share of cosmeceuticals" in China.

"Yunnan has a unique climate, high altitude, low latitude, large temperature difference, less pollution, high naturalness and purity of plants, and more active ingredients. There are more than 15,000 species of higher plants in the province, accounting for nearly 60% of the national plant species. " Zhao Chunhua, deputy general manager of Yunnan Xicao Resources Development Co., Ltd. introduced. Zhao Chunhua said that rich biological resources are the innate advantage of developing green beauty cosmetics in Yunnan. According to the National Catalogue of Used Cosmetic Raw Materials (2021 Edition), among the 8,965 raw materials used in cosmetics produced and sold in China, there are more than 3,400 kinds of plant raw materials, among which a large number of edible and medicinal plants are used in cosmetics, which has opened up the three-dimensional application of food, medicine and makeup, attracting many plant beauty brands to enter Yunnan one after another. Zhao Chunhua introduced that the functional components of more than 100 endemic plants in Yunnan have been developed and applied only in the resources of western grass.

The advantages of Yunnan’s beauty industry development come from many links in the industrial chain-

Yunnan has a perfect biomedical industrial chain, covering the whole process of research and development, production and sales. At present, the province is continuing to promote the development of biotechnology medicine industry focusing on vaccines, making every effort to build the best quality raw material base of natural medicines, and forming the whole industrial chain development system of natural medicines (traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine) featuring healthy products.

The development and utilization of plant resources in Yunnan has strong scientific research advantages, and has rich professional knowledge and experience in planting Chinese herbal medicines, biotechnology research and development, drug registration and approval, etc. It has a number of excellent scientific research institutes such as Kunming Institute of Botany of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicinal Plants of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, as well as a number of experts and scholars such as Professor Pei Shengji, an advocate of ethnobotany in China and chief scientist of skin care brand of botanists, with strong scientific research strength and fruitful research results. Through Industry-University-Research docking and achievement transformation, innovative products are continuously introduced to meet the diversified needs of the market.

In terms of leading enterprises, Yunnan Baiyao, a well-known trademark in China and a century-old pharmaceutical company, has been consistent since its establishment in 1902, inheriting the exploration, application and innovative research of Chinese medicine plants, and Betaine Winona has become the light of domestic products. A number of enterprises, such as Kunyao Group, watson biological, Bio-Valley and Jianzhijia Biomedical Company, have focused on deciphering the effective components in plants and made every effort to open up the whole industrial chain of green beauty industry.

Photo courtesy of Propaganda Department of Yuxi Municipal Committee of Yuxi watson biological Technology Co., Ltd.

"Herbal skin care is an important source of innovation for national skin care products. Starting from Yunnan’s characteristic plants, finding a skin healing prescription that is more suitable for orientals is an important breakthrough for Yunnan Baiyao to build a world-class brand and compete for a broader market. " Gu Ming, general manager of skin care BU of Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd., introduced that Yunnan Baiyao complied with the new wave of consumption growth under the background of big health industry, based on the advantages of extraction, efficacy research and proportion of medicinal plants in the group for more than 100 years, and devoted itself to medical research technology to push open the door to the efficacy of medicinal plants to beautify skin.

Betaine, the first brand of functional skin care products in China, took the lead in setting up Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory in 2021, focusing on the research and development of functional cosmetics, functional foods and medicines with Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extracts as raw materials, developing high value-added plant health products, and realizing 40 independent research and development of functional cosmetics plant raw materials. On November 8, 2023, Betaine Institute held a signing ceremony in Paris with the Skin Research Center of St. Louis Hospital, France, and announced the formal establishment of the French Research Center of Betaine Group, marking the internationalization of the company’s research and development.

After more than 20 years’ development, Xicao Resources has owned a number of national and provincial innovation and development service platforms, such as the public service platform for industrial technology foundation of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the new R&D institutions in Yunnan Province, and the innovation center for raw materials manufacturing of plants and cosmetics in Yunnan Province, and has established cooperative relations with many universities and research institutions, which has strong strength in scientific research and technological research, transformation of scientific and technological achievements, market promotion of products, etc., and has brought strong impetus to product innovation.

Yimei Tianxiang Group has a 2000-mu flower planting base in weichu, which has become the main raw material planting base of Yimei Tianxiang skin care products brand.

Zhen Meiyan’s parent company, Baimai Bio, invested tens of millions of yuan to develop a 1,000-mu flower planting R&D base, and deeply researched and developed high-quality raw materials, making Zhen Meiyan the first "original traceability" flower-based makeup brand in China.

Insiders pointed out that Yunnan’s colorful national culture and folk wisdom in using plants have integrated endemic plants with national culture, adding more story-telling market topics to Yunnan’s plant beauty cosmetics. At the same time, Yunnan’s superior geographical advantages, backed by a strong domestic market with a population of 1.4 billion and a market in South Asia and Southeast Asia with a population of 2.3 billion have laid a solid foundation for the development of Yunnan’s beauty cosmetics.

Leading enterprises demonstrate and promote green "cloud makeup" to enter the "fast lane"

In recent years, domestic beauty brands have risen rapidly, gradually regaining the "home advantage" made in China.

On the basis of characteristic plants and medicinal plants, many local brands have built their own unique brand stories and formed a different brand culture.

As a leading domestic beauty cosmetics enterprise, Bettini’s brand Winona has been rooted in Yunnan for a long time, making full use of the advantages of Yunnan’s characteristic plants and vigorously developing green beauty cosmetics. It has formed a clear brand through Winona, which focuses on sensitive muscles, Winona Baby, a high-end professional anti-aging skin care brand, and Befuting, a professional anti-acne medical brand.

In recent years, Betani has made great efforts. The central factory with an investment of nearly 500 million yuan and an annual output value of 5 billion yuan was completed and put into operation in 2023, attracting upstream and downstream enterprises in relevant industrial chains to settle in, promoting industrial agglomeration and improvement of industrial chains, promoting industrial upgrading and transformation and development, and providing important support for the province to cultivate advantageous biomedical industries.

"In the next step, Betani will continue to focus on the whole process of product R&D, production and sales through raw material advantages, R&D advantages, industrial chain advantages and brand advantages, so that Yunnan brands can enter the country and the world." Zhong Wei, public director and assistant to the chairman of Betani Group, said.

"It is extremely difficult for the skin care industry to be sophisticated. It must have independent intellectual property rights and core technologies. Now the market has strict requirements for the control of the entire industrial chain." Gu Ming said frankly that Yunnan Baiyao took the skin care industry as one of its key strategic layouts, actively integrated resources and made great efforts in basic scientific research. It took five years and invited more than 60 professional scholars to jointly compile a series of books entitled "Collection of Skin Care Efficacy of Natural Plant Raw Materials". Combining the research results, it summarized the basic information, active substances, efficacy and mechanism of more than 1,000 plants. This is the first book to comprehensively explore the application of natural plants in the skin care field and provide it for the whole plant skin care research industry.

Relying on years of rich experience in cultivating Yunyao, in 2007, Yunnan Panlong Yunhai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. began to set foot in the field of cosmetics around the development idea of "internal adjustment and external nutrition, health and beauty" and became the first batch of cosmetics R&D and production enterprises in Yunnan Province. Initiate the concept of "internal adjustment and external cultivation", make full use of the research results and production technology in Yunnan plant resources such as Notoginseng Radix, Dendrobium, Gastrodia elata, establish its own skin care brand "Shiliwei", develop and market more than 40 products, and the product sales cover 20 provinces and cities across the country, providing consumers with a series of detoxification and health care programs from "internal adjustment" drugs, health food and food to "external cultivation".

Wenshan Sanqi provides high-quality raw materials for the beauty industry.

"As a comprehensive institution focusing on the technical research and application of plant extraction health industry, Xicao Resources is based on the advantages of local resources, based on innovative technology research and development, and applies innovative technology to the biological activity research of plant costs, and finally realizes the multi-dimensional application of plant efficacy components in the fields of plant cosmetics and functional foods, providing customers with integrated services from research and development to production, and has achieved gratifying results in scientific research and development and brand building." Zhao Chunhua introduced.

In terms of scientific research and technical research, the company has 23 patents related to plant raw materials. For example, the molecular plant cell fluid prepared by the core patented technology can replace the use of "water" in cosmetics, and can turn the "anhydrous formula" from concept into reality, which has been applied to many plants. At present, Xicao has provided services for more than 300 well-known enterprises and brands, and has its own brand "Hundred Grass Fairy Tales".

The data shows that in 2023, the beauty industry in Yunnan Province achieved an output value of 15 billion yuan, with 12,668 enterprises engaged in the production and sales of cosmetics, and 59 enterprises with cosmetics production licenses, including 43 industrial enterprises above designated size in beauty-related industries.

According to the relevant person in charge of the Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, through years of development, Yunnan Province has initially built an industrial chain of upstream raw material planting, midstream plant extraction and downstream beauty products manufacturing in the functional beauty industry. The variety of perfume plants in the province ranks first in the country, the total output of flavors and fragrances ranks fourth in the country, and the export volume accounts for 15% of the country. Eucalyptus leaf oil accounts for 98% of the global market share, and major products such as flavors and fragrances, cosmetics, washing products and oral products have been launched, initially forming well-known local leading enterprises and well-known brands.

In the next step, Yunnan Province will focus on "natural plant extraction and plateau characteristic biological application", give full play to the advantages of characteristic plant resources, vigorously develop flavors and fragrances, functional skin care products, washing products and functional toothpaste, accelerate the construction of beauty industry chain, and form an industrial system of raw material planting, plant extraction and substrate raw material auxiliary materials development, cosmetics manufacturing and terminal market development, so as to enhance the comprehensive benefits of industrial operation. By extending the chain and strengthening the chain, we will continue to build the whole beauty industry chain. By 2025, the operating income of the beauty industry will reach 30 billion yuan.

Written by: Yang Yanyan Duan Xiaorui Gao Yue, Duan Yi, Chen Xiaobo.

Original title: It’s time to build "China Green Valley"! Investigation on the development of Yunnan plant beauty industry (I)

Experts analyze the characteristics of the fourth generation war and call it a typical Israeli-Lebanese conflict.

　　As Israel generally believes, the trigger of the conflict between Israel and Lebanon is the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers. Israel’s rapid response to Hizbullah’s attack far exceeded Hizbullah’s expectations. The final conflict of interest is a typical representative of the fourth generation war.


　　Unlike previous conflicts between Israel and other Arab countries, the whole conflict has no decisive battle, no obvious winner and no obvious military conquest.


　　These characteristics are typical characteristics of the fourth-generation war, so the fourth-generation war can be defined as that the main participant in the war is a non-governmental actor (Hezbollah), and it is possible to deal with a technologically advanced country (Israel) in an internationally recognized country (Lebanon).


　　The fourth generation of war and peace is a new thing. Its origin can be traced back to Mao Zedong’s "people’s war", but the most important people are ignored by western professional soldiers. The purpose of this paper is to show that the conflict between Israel and Lebanon provides an example for our professional soldiers to study the evolution of war forms in the 21st century. In addition, perhaps more importantly, this prospect can provide reference for our army and help it better adapt to the future operational environment in terms of implementing regulations, recruiting personnel and preparing for combat.


　　As defined by William Linde (one of the founders of the fourth generation war theory) in his groundbreaking works, the fourth generation war includes the following elements:


　　A non-governmental base with a high degree of ideological unity; Using the current high technology; Decentralized logistical support; Directly attack the enemy’s culture; Comprehensive use of psychological warfare means, especially through the media.


　　As other authors have described, other generations of wars are divided from the perspective of technological progress and tactical occurrence. The first generation of war was marked by the development of line column combat formation and wireless bore rifle. The obvious feature of the second generation war is the linear operation based on indirect fire. The third generation of war is characterized by mobile tactics with circuitous and destroying enemy combat troops and defense in depth as the main actions.


　　More importantly, we must understand that the fourth-generation war may coexist with the second-generation war and the third-generation war, and the second Lebanon war is a good example. More importantly, it is difficult to distinguish between war and politics, combatants and non-combatants, peace and conflict, front and rear in the fourth generation war. The fourth-generation war cannot be confused with terrorist war and asymmetric war, although terrorism can be used as a tactical means (for example, Hamas’s suicide attack in the West Bank. )


　　Two factors need to be further discussed here. First of all, these non-governmental, ideologically inspired military organizations exist in a sovereign country. Secondly, these organizations use weak national governments to build bases for support, recruitment and combat. The second related factor is the important position of diplomacy, information and economy in the war. This does not mean that the strength of these countries did not play a role in the past wars, but in the fourth generation of wars, these different means have become increasingly integrated and assimilated. This is very effective for the technologically advanced and militarily powerful opponents. The main threats of the modern army include two factors, one is the cross-country organization driven by ideology, and the other is the comprehensive use of diplomatic, information, military and economic means. These points were very obvious in the second Lebanon war.


　　Linde’s theory on the fourth generation war has a strong guiding role in studying the second Lebanon war. Through several remarkable analogies, it can be inferred that the Israeli-Lebanese conflict is a typical example of future wars. The main feature of the fourth generation war is that it is driven by ideology and participated by non-governmental actors. Hezbollah plays such a role in Lebanon. Hezbollah’s ideology is mainly rooted in the Koran and the Islamic canon of Shia. The importance of this ideology lies in that from the perspective of Hezbollah, its main followers are not only Lebanese, but more importantly, Shiite Muslims and jihadists.


　　Hezbollah is more than just a military organization. Its actions have political legitimacy in Lebanon, and its political party holds 9 member seats and 3 non-member seats in the 2000 seats in the parliament. Through Iran’s funding and support, Hezbollah has gained the support of Sunni Muslims and Christians in southern Lebanon. Lebanon, with a population of about 3 million, is not a mono-ethnic country. It consists of about 18 different sects. In addition, its weak government and army provide a hotbed for cultivating non-governmental organizations such as Hezbollah.


　　Emerging technology


　　The second main feature of the fourth generation war is the use of high technology. The second Lebanon war provided us with many examples of using high-tech weapons. There is no doubt that the Israel Defense Forces and other Arab countries have strong military and technological advantages. In fact, when faced with overwhelming numerical superiority, this technological superiority in favor of Israel was subverted, as fully illustrated by the Yom Kippur War and the 1982 Lebanon War. Although the IDF has effectively used advanced technology, Hizbullah has not.


　　Technically speaking, rockets are not recognized as high-tech weapons. In fact, most of the rockets used by Hezbollah belong to the Katyusha rocket series of the former Soviet Union during World War II. Katyusha Rocket (BM-21) was originally designed to attack cluster targets and area targets, such as city centers. Because of their low accuracy, they are more psychologically destructive than military performance. The main technical knowledge they need is how to successfully acquire and use the wireless remote control launcher and how to obtain the target data from commercial satellites.


　　Another technical improvement of Hizbullah is that it effectively kept confidential communications throughout the conflict. Israel Defense Forces (IDF) is famous for its ability to intercept and intercept enemy communications. Different from previous operations, Hizbullah successfully encrypted communications throughout the war to keep communications safe. This enabled Hizbullah to maintain a sound command and control function until the end of the war. We can’t know how Hezbollah did it from the public information, but there is no doubt that they may have used irregular devices or (and) encryption equipment.


　　Many IDF armored vehicles have been hit by the latest generation of anti-tank missiles provided by Syria and Iran. Among the advanced anti-tank missiles used by Hezbollah are Raad, which is an Iranian Sagger. Raad-T is an Iranian Sagger with front and rear warheads. Toophan is an Iranian ceramic anti-tank missile. These anti-tank missiles have been skillfully used tactically. Hezbollah has also used the latest rocket-propelled Grenade launcher made in Iran. This rocket-propelled Grenade launcher belongs to RPG-7 series. These advanced anti-tank weapons have dealt a precise blow to the world-recognized advanced armor.


　　Hezbollah has also successfully attacked Israeli missile ships. On July 14th, a missile guided by Iran’s C-802 radar hit the Israeli navy HANIT hard, while the ship was leaving Beirut, causing damage to the ship and four casualties.


　　Another main operational space for Hizbullah to demonstrate its technology is space. Hezbollah has used drones several times in recent conflicts. Perhaps this war is the first major war in which both sides use drones. Ababil UAV is developed and produced by iran air industry. Obviously, Hezbollah has used several advanced technologies to deal with Israel.


　　The third example is the use of decentralized logistics support facilities. During the period from 2000 to 2006, Hizbullah developed an integrated logistics system scattered in hundreds of residents and public facilities (including mosques) in southern Lebanon. This network consists of a large number of underground vertical bunker systems, widely distributed storage and replenishment, and concealed pits for weapons and ammunition. These infrastructures are designed to cope with Israel’s large-scale all-out war. These reinforced infrastructures enable Hizbullah to achieve one of its main strategic goals, which is to continuously attack Israeli civilians with rockets.


　　Psychological influence


　　The second Lebanon war fully demonstrated that attacking the opponent’s culture is another principle of the fourth generation war. Unsurprisingly, most media reports focused on the overwhelming rocket shells that hit Israeli cities. In fact, most of the casualties on both sides are civilians, which is not what Israel wants, but what Hezbollah wants. Because Hezbollah knows that most western societies, especially Israel, hate civilian casualties, they want to seek a quick solution to the conflict by attacking Israeli civilians. The psychological effect of rocket attacks on Haifa and southern towns is enormous, which makes Israel have to shorten the combat time as much as possible, so that the IDF cannot achieve its operational objectives.


　　The last proof of the second Lebanon war as a typical example of the fourth generation war is the skillful application of the media as a means. Which side can make good use of the mass media will control the opinions that affect the world. Hezbollah, more precisely Iran, fully realized that "the whole world is paying attention", and they knew how to perceive the influence point of view, and carried out information warfare on two fronts. On the domestic front, Hizbullah uses Arab media such as Al Jazeera to gain support. In order to strengthen regional support, Hezbollah media showed pictures of destroyed IDF equipment, injured IDF soldiers and scrapped tanks. They spread some pictures of injured Lebanese civilians to western countries. This fully shows the sophistication of Hezbollah’s information action planners in target analysis.


　　The incident in Kfar Kana is a good example of how Hizbullah controls the media to support information operations. On the morning of the bombing, major news media networks all over the world were broadcasting videos sent by Al Jazeera from Kfar Kana, in which rescuers were searching for crushed children from the ruins of collapsed houses. About 28 people died, including women and children. In this incident, the Israeli side claimed that it was mainly caused by civilians returning to the building where the unexploded bombs of the Israel Defense Forces had fallen. The reason why Israel attacked Kfar Kana was mainly because it was the main place to launch Katyusha rockets, and as their consistent policy, they distributed warning leaflets to non-combatants before the air strike. This news has not been widely spread, and it has also been ignored by most media; Correspondingly, it also caused some losses. This fully demonstrates that Hizbullah has successfully applied the information space of the fourth generation war.


　　The second Lebanon war also fully demonstrated some other principles of the fourth generation war. For example, the differences between Lebanese combatants and non-combatants, front and rear, politics (diplomacy) and fighting, and unarmed victor and vanquished are no longer obvious. If the composition of the fourth generation war is correct, this conflict dominated by Islamic guerrilla forces needs to be carefully studied. Obviously, Shia guerrillas are better at post-modern warfare (the fourth generation war) than Sunni organizations such as al-Qaida.


　　Hezbollah has shown people that a small, dedicated force organized in a country with a weak government can produce strategic results. Israel’s leaders are caught in the trap set by Hizbullah, and they use ground forces that rely on non-contact operations and precision strikes slowly and dispersedly. In this way, due to the delay in the operation, Hezbollah can resist the initial attack of the Israel Defense Forces and use the strategic means of launching rockets into Israel. This method has correspondingly produced strategic effects. Hezbollah, an ideological non-governmental actor, can defeat the technologically advanced government state, which is a characteristic of the fourth generation war.


　　A preview of future conflicts


　　This war has some characteristics of the fourth generation war, so it can be used as a preview of future wars. A very remarkable feature is that Hizbullah can use relatively low-tech weapons and equipment (such as Katyusha rockets) to attack Israel’s relatively advanced precision firepower. The technical advantages of the Israel Defense Forces are offset by the scattered launch sites (orchards and urban areas) of Hizbullah and the use of remote-controlled launchers. This enables Hezbollah to directly attack Israeli towns, which is another feature of the fourth generation war. The inability of the Israel Defense Forces to completely destroy Hezbollah’s rocket ammunition depot is also a feature of this kind of war-scattered logistics infrastructure.


　　Despite the IDF’s command of space, Hezbollah’s rockets kept hitting it until the ceasefire. Related issues also include how Hezbollah effectively uses information means to support operations and achieve operational goals. Their control over the media is a good example of how perception can change or weaken the battlefield results. The information aspect of war can blur the boundary between politics and war. Finally, these characteristics are strikingly similar to the war in Iraq, using homemade bombs to offset high technology, flexible use of media, decentralized logistics, and non-governmental actors (Shiites, Sunnis and Kurds) in a weak government. We have to come to the conclusion that this is a dominant style of war in the foreseeable future.


　　The recent conflict means far more to us than the Israeli-Lebanese border.

Editor: Sun Jie